Editing Tubal ligation (section)

=== Benefits and advantages for use as contraception ===

==== High effectiveness ====
{{Further|Comparison of birth control methods}}
Most methods of female sterilization are approximately 99% effective or greater in preventing pregnancy.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|date=March 2019|title=ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 208: Benefits and Risks of Sterilization|journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology|language=en|volume=133|issue=3|pages=e194–e207|doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000003111|issn=0029-7844|pmid=30640233|author1=American College of Obstetricians Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology|s2cid=58625472}}</ref> These rates are roughly equivalent to the effectiveness of [[Long-acting reversible contraception|long-acting reversible contraceptives]] such as [[intrauterine device]]s and [[contraceptive implant]]s, and slightly less effective than permanent male sterilization through [[vasectomy]].<ref name=":02" /> These rates are significantly higher than other forms of modern contraception that require regular active engagement by the user, such as oral contraceptive pills or male condoms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6205a1.htm|title=U.S. Selected Practice Recommendations for Contraceptive Use, 2013|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref>

==== Avoidance of hormonal medications ====
Many forms of female-controlled contraception rely on suppression of the menstrual cycle using [[progesterone]]s and/or [[estrogen]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gebel Berg|first=Erika|date=25 March 2015|title=The Chemistry of the Pill|journal=ACS Central Science|language=en|volume=1|issue=1|pages=5–7|doi=10.1021/acscentsci.5b00066|issn=2374-7943|pmc=4827491|pmid=27162937}}</ref> For patients who wish to avoid hormonal medications because of personal medical contraindications such as [[breast cancer]], unacceptable side effects, or personal preference, tubal ligation offers highly effective birth control without the use of hormones.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=March 2019 |title=ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 208: Benefits and Risks of Sterilization |url=https://journals.lww.com/00006250-201903000-00044 |journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology |language=en |volume=133 |issue=3 |pages=e194–e207 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000003111 |pmid=30640233 |issn=0029-7844 |author1=American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Committee on Practice Bulletins—Gynecology }}</ref>

==== Reduction of pelvic inflammatory disease risk ====
Occluding or removing both fallopian tubes decreases the likelihood that a [[sexually transmitted infection]] can ascend from the vagina to the abdominal cavity, causing [[pelvic inflammatory disease]] (PID) or a [[tubo-ovarian abscess]].<ref name=":02" /> Tubal ligation does not eliminate the risk of PID, and does not offer protection against sexually transmitted infections.<ref name=":02" />

==== Reduction of ovarian and fallopian tube cancer risk ====
Partial tubal ligation or full salpingectomy (a [[Tubal ligation#Tubal ligation methods|tubal ligation method]] that relies upon the physical removal of the fallopian tube) reduces the lifetime risk of developing ovarian or fallopian tube cancer later in life. This is true both for patients who are already known to be at high risk for ovarian or fallopian tube cancer secondary to [[Hereditary breast–ovarian cancer syndrome|genetic mutations]], as well as females who have the baseline population risk.<ref name=":02" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cibula|first1=D.|last2=Widschwendter|first2=M.|last3=Majek|first3=O.|last4=Dusek|first4=L.|date=1 January 2011|title=Tubal ligation and the risk of ovarian cancer: review and meta-analysis|journal=Human Reproduction Update|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=55–67|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmq030|pmid=20634209|issn=1355-4786|doi-access=free}}</ref>