Editing Trondheim (section)

== History ==
[[File:Lykkens Portal, Gamble Bybro, Trondheim, West view 20150605 1.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Old Town Bridge]] of Trondheim]]
{{For|the ecclesiastical history|Archiepiscopate of Nidaros}}

Trondheim was named Kaupangen ({{langx|en|market place or trading place}}) by [[Viking]] [[King of Norway|King]] [[Olav Tryggvason]] in 997 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sjåvik |first=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_yIjfXhQY_QC&pg=PA203 |title=The A to Z of Norway (The A to Z Guide Series Book 234) |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Scarecrow Press]] |year=2010 |isbn=9780810872134 |page=203 |access-date=2019-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528153921/https://books.google.com/books?id=_yIjfXhQY_QC&pg=PA203 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Shortly after that, it came to be called ''[[Nidaros]]''. Initially, it was frequently used as a military retainer ([[Old Norse]]: "hird"-man) of King Olav I. It was also frequently used as the king's seat and was Norway's capital until 1217.

People have lived in the region for thousands of years, as evidenced by the [[Rock carvings in Central Norway|rock carvings in central Norway]], the [[Nøstvet and Lihult cultures]], and the [[Corded Ware culture]]. In ancient times, the [[List of Norwegian monarchs|kings of Norway]] were hailed in Trondheim at [[Øretinget]], the place for the assembly of all free men by the mouth of the River [[Nidelva]]. [[Harald Fairhair]] (865–933) was hailed as the king here, as was his son, [[Haakon I of Norway|Haakon I]], called 'the Good.' The battle of ''[[Kalvskinnet]]'' took place in Trondheim in 1179: King [[Sverre Sigurdsson]] and his ''[[Birkebeiner]]'' warriors were victorious against [[Erling Skakke]] (a rival to the throne). Some scholars believe that the famous [[Lewis chessmen]], 12th-century chess pieces carved from walrus ivory that were found in the [[Hebrides]] and are now at the [[British Museum]], may have been made in Trondheim.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moore |first=Susan |date=2019-06-20 |title=The enduring enigma of the 'lost' Lewis chessmen |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2266d662-8ebf-11e9-b8cb-26a9caa9d67b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190920062609/https://www.ft.com/content/2266d662-8ebf-11e9-b8cb-26a9caa9d67b |archive-date=20 September 2019 |access-date=2019-07-16 |work=Financial Times}}</ref>

From 1152, Trondheim was the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Nidaros|Archbishop of Nidaros]] for Norway, which operated from the [[Archbishop's Palace, Trondheim|Archbishop's Palace]]. Due to the introduction of [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] Protestantism in 1537, the last archbishop, [[Olav Engelbrektsson]], had to flee from the city to the [[Seventeen Provinces|Netherlands]]; he died in what today is [[Lier, Belgium]].

From the 16th through the 19th centuries, the city was repeatedly ravaged by fires that caused widespread damage since many of its buildings were made of wood. The worst occurred in 1598, 1651, 1681, 1708, 1717 (twice), 1742, 1788, 1841 and 1842. The 1651 fire destroyed 90% of all buildings within the city limits. After the "[[1681 Trondheim fire|Horneman Fire]]" in 1681, there was an almost total reconstruction of the city, overseen by General [[Johan Caspar von Cicignon]], originally from [[Luxembourg]]. Broad avenues, such as Munkegata, were created, without regard for private property rights, to limit the damage from future fires. At the time, the city had a population of under 10,000 inhabitants, with most living in the downtown area.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nikel |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YyZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT376 |title=Moon Norway (Travel Guide) |publisher=Moon Publications |year=2017 |isbn=978-1631214813 |page=376 |access-date=2019-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528153913/https://books.google.com/books?id=YyZoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT376 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

After the [[Treaty of Roskilde]] on 26 February 1658, Trondheim and the rest of [[Trøndelag]] became Swedish territory briefly. [[Siege of Trondheim|However, after a three-month long siege]], the area was reconquered 10 months later.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhfWCgAAQBAJ&dq=J%C3%B8rgen+Bjelke+trondheim&pg=PA288 |title=A History of Norway |date=2015-12-08 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=978-1-4008-7579-5 |page=288 |language=en}}</ref> The conflict was finally settled by the [[Treaty of Copenhagen (1660)|Treaty of Copenhagen]] on 27 May 1660.
[[File:Trondheim map 1898.jpg|thumb|right|City Map of Trondheim in 1898, Norwegian edition]]
[[File:Plan of Trondheim, 1942.jpg|thumb|Plan of Trondheim, 1942]]
During the [[Second World War]], Trondheim was occupied by [[Nazi Germany]] from 9 April 1940, the first day of the [[Operation Weserübung|invasion of Norway]], until the end of the war in Europe, [[VE Day|8 May 1945]]. The German invasion force consisted of the [[German cruiser Admiral Hipper]], 4 destroyers and 1700 Austrian Mountain troops. Except for a coastal battery that opened fire, there was no resistance to the invasion, which began on 9 April at 5 AM. On 14 and 17 April, British and French forces landed near Trondheim in a failed attempt to liberate Trondheim, as part of the [[Namsos Campaign]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XZf7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA75 |title=Naval Operations of the Campaign in Norway, April–June 1940 (Naval Staff Histories) |publisher=Routledge |year=2000 |isbn=0714651192 |page=75 |access-date=2019-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528153922/https://books.google.com/books?id=XZf7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA75 |archive-date=28 May 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=July 2017}} During the occupation, Trondheim was the home of the notorious Norwegian Gestapo agent, [[Henry Rinnan]], who operated from a nearby villa and infiltrated Norwegian resistance groups. The city and its citizens were subjected to harsh treatment by the occupying power, including the imposition of [[Martial law in Trondheim in 1942|martial law]] in October 1942. During this time, the Germans turned the city and its environs into a major base for submarines (which included building the large submarine base and bunker [[Dora I|DORA I]]), and contemplated a scheme to build a new city for 300,000 inhabitants, ''[[Nordstern (city)|Nordstern]]'' ("Northern Star"), centred {{convert|15|km|0|abbr=off}} southwest of Trondheim, near the wetlands of [[Øysand]] on the outskirts of [[Melhus Municipality|Melhus]] municipality. This new metropolis was to be accompanied by a massively expanded version of the already existing naval base, which was intended to become the future primary stronghold of the German [[Kriegsmarine]]. A start was made on this enormous construction project, but it was far from completed when the war ended, and today, there are few physical remains of it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hitlers drøm om Trondheim |url=http://www.adressa.no/nyheter/trondheim/article712500.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013173048/http://www.adressa.no/nyheter/trondheim/article712500.ece |archive-date=13 October 2007 |access-date=13 March 2023|language=nb}}</ref>

===Municipal history===
The city of Trondheim was established on 1 January 1838 (see [[formannskapsdistrikt]] law). On 1 January 1864, part of [[Strinda Municipality]] (population: 1,229) was amalgamated with Trondheim. Then, on 1 January 1893, another part of Strinda Municipality (population: 4,097) was transferred to Trondheim Municipality. On 1 January 1952, the [[Lade, Trondheim|Lade]] area of Strinda Municipality (population: 2,230) was transferred to Trondheim Municipality. On 1 January 1964, a major municipal merger took place: [[Leinstrand Municipality]] (population: 4,193), [[Byneset Municipality]] (population: 2,049), Strinda Municipality (population: 44,600), and [[Tiller Municipality]] (population: 3,595) were all merged with the city of Trondheim (population: 56,982), which nearly doubled the population of the municipality.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jukvam |first=Dag |year=1999 |title=Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune- og fylkesinndelingen |url=http://www.ssb.no/emner/00/90/rapp_9913/rapp_9913.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003043344/http://www.ssb.no/a/publikasjoner/pdf/rapp_9913/rapp_9913.pdf |archive-date=3 October 2013 |access-date=20 April 2011 |publisher=[[Statistics Norway|Statistisk sentralbyrå]] |language=no}}</ref> On 1 January 2020, the neighboring [[Klæbu Municipality]] (population: 6,050) was merged with Trondheim Municipality.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trondheim Kommune |date=17 June 2016 |title=Ja til sammenslåing av Klæbu og Trondheim |url=https://www.trondheim.kommune.no/content/1117754484/Ja-til-sammenslaing-av-Klabu-og-Trondheim |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008232209/https://www.trondheim.kommune.no/content/1117754484/Ja-til-sammenslaing-av-Klabu-og-Trondheim |archive-date=8 October 2017 |access-date=8 January 2018 |language=no}}</ref>

===Coat of arms and seal===
{{See also|Flag of Trondheim}}
The [[coat of arms]] dates back to the 13th century. To the left, there is an [[archbishop]] with his staff and [[mitre]] in a church archway. On the right, a crowned king holding scales in a castle archway. These two pictures rest on a base which forms an arch. Underneath that arch, are three male heads which symbolise the city's rank as Norway's first capital and the archbishop's place of residence. The scales symbolise justice and the [[motif (visual arts)|motif]] is based on the political philosophy of the 13th century, where the balance of power between king and church was an important issue. The three heads at the bottom may symbolise the city council. The motif is unique in Norwegian municipal heraldry, but similar motifs are found in bishopric cities on the continent. The design of the coat-of-arms that was adopted in 1897, and is still used today, was made by Håkon Thorsen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trondheim's coat of arms and seal |url=http://www.trondheim.no/content.ap?thisId=519505 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208055210/http://www.trondheim.no/content.ap?thisId=519505 |archive-date=8 December 2008 |access-date=29 October 2008 |publisher=Trondheim kommune}}</ref>