Editing Treaty of Lausanne (section)

==Stipulations==
The treaty was composed of 143 articles with major sections including:<ref name="Mango">{{Cite book |last=Mango, Andrew |url=https://archive.org/details/ataturk00andr/page/388 |title=Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey |publisher=[[Overlook Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=1-58567-334-X |page=[https://archive.org/details/ataturk00andr/page/388 388] |url-access=registration}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Treaty
!Parts
|-
|Convention on the [[Turkish Straits]]
|-
|Trade ([[Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire|abolition of capitulations]]) – Article 28 provided: "Each of the High Contracting Parties hereby accepts, in so far as it is concerned, the complete abolition of the [[Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire|Capitulations in Turkey]] in every respect."<ref>In addition to Turkey, the [[British Empire]], [[France]], [[Italy]], [[Japan]], [[Greece]], [[Romania]] and the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]] were parties to the Treaty.</ref>
|-
|Agreements
|-
|Binding letters
|}
The treaty provided for the independence of the Republic of Turkey but also for the protection of the [[Greeks in Turkey|Greek Orthodox Christian minority in Turkey]] and the [[Muslim minority of Greece|Muslim minority in Greece]]. However, most of the Christian population of Turkey and the Muslim population of Greece had already been deported under the earlier [[Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations (1923)|Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations]] signed by Greece and Turkey. Only the Greek Orthodox of [[Constantinople]], [[Imbros]] and [[Tenedos]] (about 270,000 at that time),<ref>[http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/bilateral/minority.htm The Greek minority of Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192959/http://www.hri.org/MFA/foreign/bilateral/minority.htm|date=3 March 2016}} – Hellenic Resources Network</ref> and the Muslim population of [[Western Thrace]] (about 129,120 in 1923) were excluded.<ref>{{citation |last=Öksüz|first=Hikmet|year=2004|title=The Reasons for Immigration from Western Thrace to Turkey (1923–1950) |url=http://www.azinlikca.net/pdfs/thesis/The_Reasons_for_immigration_from_Western_Thrace_to_Turkey.pdf|publisher=Turkish Review of Balkan Studies |page=255}}</ref> Article 14 of the treaty granted the islands of [[Imbros]] (Gökçeada) and Tenedos (Bozcaada) "[[autonomy|special administrative organisation]]", a right that was revoked by the Turkish government on 17 February 1926. Turkey also formally accepted the loss of [[Cyprus]] (which had been leased to the British Empire following the [[Congress of Berlin]] in 1878, but ''[[de jure]]'' remained an Ottoman territory until [[World War I]]). The fate of the province of [[Mosul]] was left to be determined through the [[League of Nations]]. Turkey also explicitly renounced all claims to the [[Dodecanese Islands]], which [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] had been obliged to return to Turkey according to Article 2 of the [[Treaty of Ouchy]] in 1912 following the [[Italo-Turkish War]] (1911–1912).<ref name="Ouchy">{{cite web| url = http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos142.htm| title = Treaty of Lausanne, October, 1912. | access-date = 18 November 2008| archive-date = 25 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211025183004/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/boshtml/bos142.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>James Barros, ''The Corfu Incident of 1923: Mussolini and The League of Nations'', Princeton University Press, 1965 (reprinted 2015), {{ISBN|1400874610}}, p. 69</ref>

=== Summary of contents of treaty ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
Lausanne Treaty I. Treaty of Peace<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty Summary |url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/lausanne-peace-treaty.en.mfa |access-date=28 February 2019 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226233527/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/lausanne-peace-treaty.en.mfa |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Parts
!Sections
|-
|
|Preamble
|-
|Part I
|Political Clauses
|-
|Part II
|Financial Clauses
|-
|Part III. 
|Economic clauses
|-
|Part IV
|Communications and Sanitary Questions
|-
|Part V.
|Miscellaneous Provisions &nbsp;
|-
|Part IV.
|Convention respecting conditions of Residence and Business and Jurisdiction
|-
|Part V
|Commercial Convention
|-
|Part VI
|Convention concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations
|-
|Part VII
|Agreement between Greece and Turkey respecting the reciprocal restitution of interned civilians and the exchange of prisoners of war
|-
|Part VIII
|Declaration relating to the Amnesty&nbsp;
|-
|Part IX
|Declaration relating to Muslim properties in Greece
|-
|Part X
|Declaration relating to sanitary matters in Turkey;
|-
|Part XI
|Declaration relating to the administration of justice;
|-
|Part XII
|Protocol relation to certain concessions granted
|-
|Part XIII
|Protocol relating to the accession of Belgium and Portugal to contain provisions and instruments signed at Lausanne
|-
|Part XIV
|Protocol relating to the evacuation of the Turkish territory occupied by the British, French and Italian forces
|-
|Part XV
|Protocol relative to the [[Karaağaç, Edirne|Karagatch]] territory and the Islands of Imbros and Tenedos&nbsp;
|-
|Part XVI
|Protocol relative to the Treaty concluded at Sèvres between the principal Allied Powers and Greece on 10 August 1920, concerning the protection of minorities in Greece, and the Treaty concluded on the same day between the same Powers relating to Thrace.&nbsp;
|-
|Part XVII
|Protocol relating to signature by the Serb-Croat-Slovene State
|}

===Borders===
[[File:Ada Kaleh.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Ada Kaleh|Adakale Island]] in [[Danube|River Danube]] was forgotten during the peace talks at the [[Congress of Berlin]] in 1878, which allowed it to remain a ''[[de jure]]'' Ottoman territory and the Ottoman Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II|Abdülhamid II]]'s private possession until the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 (''[[de facto]]'' until [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] unilaterally declared its sovereignty on the island in 1919 and further strengthened this claim with the [[Treaty of Trianon]] in 1920.)<ref name=Adakale/> The island was submerged during the construction of the [[Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station|Iron Gates hydroelectric plant]] in 1970, which also removed the possibility of a potential legal claim by the descendants of [[Abdul Hamid II]].]]

The treaty delimited the boundaries of [[Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)|Greece]], [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], and [[Turkey]]. Specifically, the treaty provisioned that all the islands, islets and other territories in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean in the original text) beyond three miles from the Turkish shores were ceded to Greece, with the exception of [[Imbros]], [[Tenedos]] and [[Tavşan Islands, Çanakkale|Rabbit islands]] ([[wikisource:Treaty of Lausanne/Part I|Articles 6 and 12]]). There is a special notation in both articles, that, unless it is explicitly stated otherwise, the Turkish sovereignty extends three miles from Asia Minor shores. The Greek population of Imbros and Tenedos was not included in the [[Population exchange between Greece and Turkey|population exchange]] and would be protected under the stipulations of the protection of the minorities in Turkey ([[wikisource:Treaty of Lausanne/Part I|Article 38]]).

The major issue of the war reparations, demanded from Greece by Turkey, was abandoned after Greece agreed to cede [[Karaağaç, Edirne|Karaağaç]] to Turkey.

Turkey also formally ceded all claims on the [[Dodecanese Islands]] (Article 15); [[Cyprus]] (Article 20);<ref name="Xypolia">{{Cite journal |last=Xypolia |first=Ilia |year=2011 |title=Cypriot Muslims among Ottomans, Turks and British |url=http://www.bujournal.boun.edu.tr/docs/13330942935.pdf |journal=Bogazici Journal |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=109–120 |doi=10.21773/boun.25.2.6 |access-date=10 November 2012 |doi-access=free |archive-date=2 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602043648/http://www.bujournal.boun.edu.tr/docs/13330942935.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]] and [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Sudan]] (Article 17); [[Mandate of Syria|Syria]] and [[Kingdom of Iraq (Mandate administration)|Iraq]] (Article 3); and (along with the [[Treaty of Ankara (1921)|Treaty of Ankara]]) settled the boundaries of the latter two nations.<ref name="Treaty" />

The territories to the south of Syria and Iraq on the [[Arabian Peninsula]], which still remained under Turkish control when the [[Armistice of Mudros]] was signed on 30 October 1918, were not explicitly identified in the text of the treaty. However, the definition of Turkey's southern border in Article 3 also meant that Turkey officially ceded them. These territories included the [[Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen]], [[Asir]] and parts of [[Hejaz]] like the city of [[Siege of Medina|Medina]]. They were held by Turkish forces until 23 January 1919.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arabia (Yemen–Hejaz) Front Side |url=http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/english/affairs/affairs_a1.html |access-date=6 September 2018 |website=www.osmanli700.gen.tr |archive-date=7 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807132822/http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/english/affairs/affairs_a1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arabistan Cephesi – Osmanlı Web Sitesi – Forsnet  |url=http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/olaylar/olaya1.html |access-date=6 September 2018 |website=www.osmanli700.gen.tr |archive-date=6 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124940/http://www.osmanli700.gen.tr/olaylar/olaya1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

By Articles 25 and 26 of the Treaty of Lausanne, Turkey officially ceded [[Ada Kaleh|Adakale Island]] in the [[Danube|Danube River]] to [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] by formally recognizing the related provisions in the [[Treaty of Trianon]] of 1920.<ref name="Treaty" /><ref name="Adakale">{{cite web| url = http://alexisphoenix.org/adakaleh.php| title = Adakale Island in River Danube| access-date = 21 September 2010| archive-date = 25 July 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725000112/http://alexisphoenix.org/adakaleh.php| url-status = live}}</ref> Due to a diplomatic irregularity at the 1878 [[Congress of Berlin]], the island had technically remained part of the Ottoman Empire.

Turkey also renounced its privileges in [[Italian Libya|Libya]] which were defined by Article 10 of the [[Treaty of Ouchy]] in 1912 (per Article 22 of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.)<ref name="Treaty" />

===Agreements===
Among many agreements, there was a separate agreement with the United States, the [[Chester concession]].  In the United States, the treaty was opposed by several groups, including the Committee Opposed to the Lausanne Treaty (COLT), and on 18 January 1927, the [[United States Senate]] refused to ratify the treaty by a vote of 50–34, six votes short of the two-thirds required by the Constitution.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trask |first1=Roger R. |chapter=Rejection of the Lausanne Treaty and Resumption of Diplomatic Relations, 1923–1927 |pages=37–64 |id={{Project MUSE|1252066|type=chapter}} |title=The United States Response to Turkish Nationalism and Reform, 1914–1939 |date=1971 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-1-4529-3717-5 }}</ref> Consequently, Turkey annulled the concession.<ref name="Mango" />

Besides, Turkey was obliged to instate four European advisors on juridical matters for five years.<ref name=":0">Liebisch-Gümüş, Carolin (6 July 2020). p. 257</ref> The advisors were to observe a juridical reform in Turkey. The advisors contract could be renewed if the suggested reforms would not have taken place.<ref name=":0" /> Subsequently, Turkey worked on and announced a new [[Turkish Constitution of 1924|Turkish constitution]] and reformed the Turkish justice system by including the [[Swiss Civil Code|Swiss Civil code]], the [[Italian Code of Criminal Procedure|Italian criminal law]] and the German Commercial law before completion of the five years in question.<ref name=":0" />