Editing Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (section)

==Terms==
[[File:Map of Mexico 1847.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|''"Mapa de los Estados Unidos de Méjico'' by John Disturnell, the 1847 map used during the negotiations]]
Although [[Mexico]] ceded [[Alta California]] and [[Santa Fe de Nuevo México]], the text of the treaty<ref>{{cite web|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/guadhida.asp |title=Avalon Project – Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo; February 2, 1848 |publisher=Avalon.law.yale.edu |access-date=2013-07-08}}</ref> did not list territories to be ceded and avoided the disputed issues that were causes of war: the validity of the 1836 revolution that established the [[Republic of Texas]], [[Texas]]'s boundary claims as far as the [[Rio Grande]], and the right of the Republic of [[Texas]] to arrange the 1845 [[Texas annexation|annexation of Texas]] by the [[United States]].

Instead, Article V of the treaty described the new [[Mexico–United States border|U.S.–Mexico border]]. From east to west, the border consisted of the [[Rio Grande]] northwest from its mouth to the point where it strikes the southern boundary of [[New Mexico]] (roughly 32 degrees north), as shown in the [https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/ghtreaty/ghmap.jpg Disturnell map], then due west from this point to the [[110th meridian west]], then north along the 110th meridian to the [[Gila River]] and down the river to its mouth. Unlike the [[New Mexico]] segment of the boundary, which depended partly on unknown geography, "to preclude all difficulty in tracing upon the ground the limit separating Upper from [[Baja California Peninsula#Partition|Lower California]]", a straight line was drawn from the mouth of the [[Gila River|Gila]] to one [[League (unit)|marine league]] south of the southernmost point of the [[Port of San Diego]], slightly north of the [[The Californias#Border|previous Mexican provincial boundary]] at [[Rosarito Beach|Playas de Rosarito]].

Comparing the boundary in the [[Adams–Onís Treaty]] to the Guadalupe Hidalgo boundary, [[Mexico]] conceded about 55% of its pre-war, pre-[[Texas]] territorial claims<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=26|title=Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo|publisher=ourdocuments.gov|access-date=27 June 2007}}</ref> and now has an area of {{convert|1,972,550|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.

In the [[United States]], the {{convert|1.36|e6km2|sqmi|abbr=unit}} of the area between the Adams-Onís and Guadalupe Hidalgo boundaries outside the {{convert|1007935|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} claimed by the Republic of [[Texas]] is known as the [[Mexican Cession]]. That is to say, the [[Mexican Cession]] is construed not to include any territory east of the [[Rio Grande]], while the territorial claims of the Republic of [[Texas]] included no territory west of the [[Rio Grande]]. The [[Mexican Cession]] included essentially the entirety of the former [[Mexico|Mexican]] territory of [[Alta California]], but only the western portion of [[Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico]], and includes all of present-day [[California]], [[Nevada]] and [[Utah]], most of [[Arizona]], western portions of [[New Mexico]] and [[Colorado]], and the southwestern corner of [[Wyoming]].

Articles VIII and IX ensured the safety of existing [[property rights]] of [[Mexico|Mexican]] citizens living in the transferred territories. Despite assurances to the contrary, [[Land grants in New Mexico|land grants]] by the [[Mexico|Mexican]] government to its citizens were often not honored by the [[United States]] because of unilateral modifications to and interpretations of the Treaty and U.S. legal decisions.<ref>U.S. Congress. Recommendation of the Public Land Commission for Legislation as to Private Land Claims, 46th Congress, 2nd Session, 1880, House Executive Document 46, pp. 1116–17.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Mexicanos: A history of Mexicans in the United States |first=Manuel G. |last=Gonzales |location=Bloomington |publisher=Indiana University Press |edition=2nd |year=2009 |pages=86–87 |isbn=978-0-253-33520-3 }}</ref> Land disputes between the descendants of Mexican land owners and Anglo Americans continued into the 21st century.<ref name="RMPBS">{{cite news |last1=Perdoni |first1=Kate |title=Plaintiffs in Costilla County land rights hearing describe a 'campaign of harassment' Facebook shareTwitter shareEmail share |url=https://www.rmpbs.org/blogs/news/plaintiffs-in-costilla-county-land-rights-hearing-describe-a-campaign-of-harassment/ |publisher=Rocky Mountain PBS |date=September 30, 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Davenport|2005|p=48}} The United States also agreed to assume $3.25 million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|3.25|1848|r=1}} million today) in debts that Mexico owed to United States citizens.

The residents had one year to choose whether they wanted American or Mexican citizenship; over 90% chose American citizenship. The others moved to what remained of Mexico (where they received land) or, in some cases in New Mexico, were allowed to remain in place as Mexican citizens.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Linda C. |last=Noel |title='I am an American': Anglos, Mexicans, Nativos, and the National Debate over Arizona and New Mexico Statehood |journal=Pacific Historical Review |year=2011 |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=430–467 [at p. 436] |doi=10.1525/phr.2011.80.3.430 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Richard |last=Griswold del Castillo |title=The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: A Legacy of Conflict |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/treatyofguadalup00rich |chapter-url-access=registration |location=Norman |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |year=1990 |isbn=0-8061-2240-4 |chapter=Citizenship and Property Rights: U.S. Interpretations of the Treaty |pages=[https://archive.org/details/treatyofguadalup00rich/page/62 62-86] }}</ref>

Article XII engaged the United States to pay, "In consideration of the extension acquired", 15 million dollars (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|15|1848|r=-1}} million today),<ref name="librarycongress">{{cite web |title=The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |url=https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/guadalupe-hidalgo#background |website=loc.gov|date=15 August 2016 }}</ref> in annual installments of 3 million dollars.

Article XI of the treaty was important to Mexico. It provided that the United States would prevent and punish raids by [[Native Americans in the United States|Indians]] into Mexico, prohibited Americans from acquiring property, including livestock, taken by the Indians in those raids, and stated that the United States would return captives of the Indians to Mexico. Mexicans believed that the United States had encouraged and assisted the [[Comanche]] and [[Apache]] raids that had devastated northern Mexico in the years before the war. This article promised relief to them.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Delay | first1 = Brian | year = 2007 | title = Independent Indians and the U.S. Mexican War | doi = 10.1086/ahr.112.1.35 | journal = The American Historical Review | volume = 112 | issue = 1| page = 67 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Article XI, however, proved unenforceable. Destructive Indian raids continued despite a heavy U.S. presence near the Mexican border. Mexico filed 366 claims with the U.S. government for damages done by Comanche and Apache raids between 1848 and 1853.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schmal |first=John P. |title=Sonora: Four Centuries of Indigenous Resistance |publisher=Houston Institute of Culture |url=http://www.houstonculture.org/mexico/sonora2.html |access-date=12 July 2012 }}</ref> In 1853, in the Treaty of Mesilla concluding the [[Gadsden Purchase]], Article XI was annulled.<ref>{{cite book |author-link=Richard Kluger |last=Kluger |first=Richard |title=Seizing Destiny: How America Grew From Sea to Shining Sea |url=https://archive.org/details/seizingdestinyho00klug |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Knopf |year=2007 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/seizingdestinyho00klug/page/493 493–494] |isbn=978-0-375-41341-4 }}</ref>

===Results===
The land that the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo brought into the United States became, between 1850 and 1912, all or part of nine states: [[California]] (1850), [[Nevada]] (1864), [[Utah]] (1896), and [[Arizona]] (1912), as well as, depending upon interpretation, the entire state of Texas (1845), which then included part of [[Kansas]] (1861); [[Colorado]] (1876); [[Wyoming]] (1890); [[Oklahoma]] (1907); and [[New Mexico]] (1912). The area of domain acquired was given by the Federal Interagency Committee as 338,680,960 acres.<ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|title=Our Public Lands|department=Issued quarterly by United States Department of the Interior Bureau of Land Management |date=1958-01-01|page=7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eFPWo3AcWi8C&pg=RA3-PA7}}</ref> The cost was $16,295,149 or approximately 5 cents an acre.<ref name="books.google.com"/> The remainder (the southern parts) of New Mexico and Arizona were peacefully acquired under the [[Gadsden Purchase]], which was carried out in 1853. In this transfer the United States paid an additional $10 million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US-GDP|10|1853|r=-1}} million in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}) for land intended to accommodate a [[First transcontinental railroad|transcontinental railroad]]. However, the [[American Civil War]] delayed the construction of such a route, and it was not until 1881 that the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]] finally was completed as a second transcontinental railroad, fulfilling the purpose of the acquisition.<ref>{{cite book |first=David |last=Devine |title=Slavery, Scandal, and Steel Rails: The 1854 Gadsden Purchase and the Building of the Second Transcontinental Railroad Across Arizona and New Mexico Twenty-Five Years Later |location=New York |publisher=iUniverse |year=2004 |isbn=0-595-32913-6 }}{{Self-published source|date=October 2019}}</ref>