Editing Treaty of Campo Formio (section)

==Terms==
[[File:Peace of Basel.png|thumb|A map showing Central Europe after the Treaty of Campo Formio.]]
Beyond the usual clauses of "firm and inviolable peace", the treaty transferred a number of Austrian territories into French hands. Lands ceded included the [[Austrian Netherlands]] (most of modern [[Belgium]]). Territories of the [[Republic of Venice]] were divided between the two states: certain islands in the [[Mediterranean]], including [[Corfu]] and other Venetian possessions in the [[Ionian Sea]] were turned over to the French. 

The city of [[Venice]] with [[Domini di Terraferma|Terraferma]] (Venetian mainland), [[Venetian Istria]], [[Venetian Dalmatia]] and the [[Bay of Kotor]] region were turned over to the Habsburg emperor. Austria recognized the [[Cisalpine Republic]] and the newly created [[Ligurian Republic]], formed of [[Savoyard state]] and [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] territories, as independent powers.

The Italian states formally ceased to owe fealty to the Holy Roman emperor, ending the formal existence of the [[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Kingdom of Italy]], which, as a personal holding of the emperor, had existed ''de jure'' but not ''de facto'' since at least the 14th century.

The treaty contained secret clauses signed by Napoleon and representatives of the Holy Roman emperor,<ref>Paul Fabianek, Folgen der Säkularisierung für die Klöster im Rheinland – Am Beispiel der Klöster Schwarzenbroich und Kornelimünster, 2012, Verlag BoD, {{ISBN|978-3-8482-1795-3}}, page 8 (copy of the original page of the treaty's secret clauses with signatures and seals)</ref> which divided up certain other territories, and agreed to the extension of the borders of France up to the [[Rhine]], the [[Nette (Rhine)|Nette]], and the [[Roer]]. Free French navigation was guaranteed on the Rhine, the [[Meuse]] and the [[Moselle]]. The French Republic had been expanded into areas that had never before been under French control.

The treaty was composed and signed after five months of negotiations. It was basically what had been agreed earlier at the [[Treaty of Leoben]] in April 1797, but the negotiations had been spun out by both parties for a number of reasons. During the negotiating period the French had to crush [[Coup of 18 Fructidor|a royalist coup]] in September. That was used as a cause for the arrest and deportation of royalist and moderate deputies in the [[French Directory|Directory]].

Napoleon's biographer, [[Felix Markham]], wrote "the partition of Venice was not only a moral blot on the peace settlement but left Austria a foothold in Italy, which could only lead to further war." In fact, the Peace of Campo Formio, though it reshaped the map of Europe and marked a major step in Napoleon's fame, was only a respite. One consequence was the [[Peasants' War (1798)|Peasants' War]], which erupted in the [[Southern Netherlands]] in 1798 following the French introduction of [[conscription]].<ref name=Ganse>{{cite web|last1=Ganse|first1=Alexander|title=The Flemish Peasants War of 1798|url=http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/napwars/boerenkrijg.html|website=World History at KMLA|publisher=Korean Minjok Leadership Academy|access-date=29 September 2014}}</ref>

As a result of the treaty, [[Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette]], a prisoner from the French Revolution, was released from Austrian captivity.

By passing Venetian possessions in Greece, such as the [[Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands|Ionian Islands]], to [[French rule in the Ionian Islands (1797–1799)|French rule]], the treaty had an effect on later Greek history neither intended nor expected at the time.