Editing Tourism (section)

==Definitions==
In 1936, the [[League of Nations]] defined a ''foreign tourist'' as "someone traveling abroad for at least twenty-four hours". Its successor, the [[United Nations]], amended this definition in 1945, by including a maximum stay of six months.<ref name="theobald">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9dvK2ajv7zIC&q=league+of+nations+tourism+1936&pg=PA6|title=Global Tourism|last=Theobald|first=William F.|publisher=[[Butterworth–Heinemann]]|year=1998|isbn=978-0-7506-4022-0|edition= 2nd|location=Oxford [England]|pages=6–7|oclc=40330075}}</ref>

In 1941, Hunziker and Kraft defined tourism as "the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, insofar as they do not lead to [[Permanent residency|permanent residence]] and are not connected with any earning activity."<ref name="1941define">{{cite book|title=Grundriß Der Allgemeinen Fremdenverkehrslehre|last1=Hunziker |first1=W|author-link1=Walter Hunziker|last2=Krapf|first2=K|oclc=180109383|publisher=Polygr. Verl|language=de|location=Zurich|year=1942}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Tourismus-management: Tourismus-marketing Und Fremdenverkehrsplanung|year=1998|publisher=[u.a.] de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-015185-5|last1=Spode|first1=Hasso |author-link1=Hasso Spode|editor1-first= Günther|editor1-last= Haedrich|location=Berlin|oclc=243881885|language=de|chapter=Geschichte der Tourismuswissenschaft}}</ref> In 1976, the Tourism Society of England's definition was: "Tourism is the temporary, short-term movement of people to [[tourist destination|destinations]] outside the places where they normally live and work and their activities during the stay at each destination. It includes movements for all purposes."<ref>{{cite book|last=Beaver|first=Allan|title=A Dictionary of Travel and Tourism Terminology|year=2002|publisher=CAB International|isbn=978-0-85199-582-3|page=313|location=Wallingford |oclc=301675778}}</ref> In 1981, the [[International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism]] defined tourism in terms of particular activities chosen and undertaken outside the home.<ref>{{cite web|title=The AIEST, its character and aims|url=http://www.aiest.org/org/idt/idt_aiest.nsf/en/index.html|author=International Association of Scientific Experts in Tourism|access-date=29 March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111126143828/http://www.aiest.org/org/idt/idt_aiest.nsf/en/index.html|archive-date=26 November 2011}}</ref>

In 1994, the [[United Nations]] identified three forms of tourism in its ''Recommendations on Tourism Statistics'':<ref>{{cite journal|year=1994|title=Recommendations on Tourism Statistics|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/newsletter/unsd_workshops/tourism/st_esa_stat_ser_M_83.pdf|issue=83|page=5|journal=Statistical Papers|access-date=12 July 2010}}</ref>
*[[Domestic tourism]], involving residents of the given country traveling only within this country
* Inbound tourism,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oicstatcom.org/imgs/news/File/1050-presentations/sudan.pdf|title=ww.oicstatcom.org|access-date=19 June 2019|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212082310/http://www.oicstatcom.org/imgs/news/File/1050-presentations/sudan.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> involving non-residents traveling in the given country
* Outbound tourism, involving residents traveling in another country

Other groupings derived from the above grouping:<ref name="glo">{{cite web |title=Glossary:Tourism - Statistics Explained |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Tourism |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=17 December 2020 |date=30 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030023647/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Tourism |archive-date=30 October 2020 }}</ref>
* National tourism, a combination of domestic and outbound tourism
* Regional tourism, a combination of domestic and inbound tourism
* [[International tourism]], a combination of inbound and outbound tourism

The terms ''tourism'' and ''travel'' are sometimes used interchangeably. In this context, travel has a similar definition to tourism but implies a more purposeful journey. The terms ''tourism'' and ''tourist'' are sometimes used pejoratively, to imply a shallow interest in the cultures or locations visited. By contrast, ''traveller'' is often used as a sign of distinction. The sociology of tourism has studied the cultural values underpinning these distinctions and their implications for class relations.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjLxR2H-YCYC|title=Tourists at the Taj: Performance and Meaning at a Symbolic Site|last=Edensor|first=Tim|year=1998|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-16712-3|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Ōarai.jpg|thumb|The first sunrise seen from the [[torii]] gate on the sea, which is considered a sacred place ([[Ōarai, Ibaraki|Ōarai in Japan]])]]There are many varieties of tourism. Of those types, there are multiple forms of outdoor-oriented tourism. Outdoor tourism is generally categorized into nature, eco, and adventure tourism (NEAT). These categories share many similarities but also possess definite and unique characteristics. [[Nature tourism]] generally encompasses tourism activities that would take place outside. Nature tourism appeals to a large audience of tourists and many may not know they are participating in this form of tourism. This type of tourism has a low barrier to entry and is accessible to a large population. [[Ecotourism]] focuses on education, maintaining a social responsibility for the community and the environment, as well as centering economic growth around the local economy. Weaver describes ecotourism as [[Sustainability|sustainable]] nature-based tourism.<ref name="Weaver 2008">{{Cite book |last=Weaver |first=David B. |title=Ecotourism |date=2008 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-470-81304-1 |edition=2nd |series=Wiley Australia tourism series |location=Milton, Qld}}</ref> Ecotourism is more specific than nature tourism and works toward accomplishing a specific goal through the outdoors. Finally, we have adventure tourism. [[Adventure travel|Adventure tourism]] is the most extreme of the categories and includes participation in activities and sports that require a level of skill or experience, risk, and physical exertion.<ref name="Weaver 2008"/> Adventure tourism often appeals less to the general public than nature and ecotourism and tends to draw in individuals who partake in such activities with limited marketing.

It is important to understand that these definitions may vary. Perceived risk in adventure tourism is subjective and may change for each individual.

Examples of these tourism types include...

Nature tourism

* [[Hiking]], [[walking]], [[camping]]

Ecotourism

* [[Tour guide|Guided tours]] focusing on educating, [[summer camp]]s, outdoor classes

Adventure tourism

* [[Rafting|White water rafting]], [[ice climbing]], [[mountaineering]]

===Tourism products===
According to the [[UN Tourism|World Tourism Organization]], a tourism product is:<ref>{{cite web |title=Product Development |url=https://www.unwto.org/tourism-development-products |publisher=unwto.org |date=21 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121130216/https://www.unwto.org/tourism-development-products |archive-date=21 November 2020 }}</ref>
{{blockquote |"a combination of tangible and intangible elements, such as natural, cultural, and man-made resources, attractions, facilities, services and activities around a specific center of interest which represents the core of the destination marketing mix and creates an overall visitor experience including emotional aspects for the potential customers. A tourism product is priced and sold through distribution channels and it has a life-cycle."}}

A tourist map shows the functional zones of a city.<ref>{{cite book |title=Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture |author1=Erin H. Fouberg |author2=Alexander B. Murphy |publisher= Wiley |date=2020 |isbn=9781119577607 |page=268 }}</ref> Tourism products cover a wide variety of services including:<ref>{{cite web |title=Introduction to tourism |url=https://www.visitbritain.org/introduction-tourism |publisher=visitbritain.org |date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411175351/https://www.visitbritain.org/introduction-tourism |archive-date=11 April 2020 }}</ref>
* Accommodation services from low-cost [[homestay]]s to five-star hotels
* Hospitality services including food and [[Drink|beverage]] serving centers
* Health care services like massages
* All modes of transport, its booking and rental
* [[Travel agencies]], [[guided tours]] and [[Tourist guide|tourist guides]]
* Cultural services such as religious monuments, [[Museum|museums]], and historical places
* [[Shopping]]
* Additional travel services like [[airport parking]], [[Airport Hotels|airport hotels]] and [[travel insurance]]

===International tourism===
[[File:International-tourist-arrivals-by-world-region.svg|thumb|International tourist arrivals per year by region]]
International tourism is tourism that crosses national borders. [[Globalisation]] has made tourism a popular global leisure activity. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people "traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes".<ref>{{cite web |year=1995 |title=UNWTO technical manual: Collection of Tourism Expenditure Statistics |url=http://pub.unwto.org/WebRoot/Store/Shops/Infoshop/Products/1034/1034-1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922120940/http://pub.unwto.org/WebRoot/Store/Shops/Infoshop/Products/1034/1034-1.pdf |archive-date=22 September 2010 |access-date=26 March 2009 |publisher=World Tourism Organization |page=14}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) estimates that up to 500,000 people are in flight at any one time.<ref name="theguardian.com">[https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8477508 Swine flu prompts EU warning on travel to US]. ''The Guardian.'' 28 April 2009.</ref>

In 2010, international tourism reached US$919B, growing 6.5% over 2009, corresponding to an increase in real terms of 4.7%.<ref>{{cite journal |date=June 2011 |title=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer June 2009 |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_pisa_2011_1.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=UNWTO World Tourism Barometer |publisher=World Tourism Organization |volume=7 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119091058/http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_pisa_2011_1.pdf |archive-date=19 November 2011 |access-date=3 August 2009}}</ref> In 2010, there were over 940 million international tourist arrivals worldwide.<ref name="WTO2011Highlights">{{cite journal |date=June 2011 |title=2011 Highlights |url=http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enlr.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=UNWTO World Tourism Highlights |publisher=UNWTO |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113021355/http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enlr.pdf |archive-date=13 January 2012 |access-date=9 January 2012}}</ref> By 2016 that number had risen to 1,235 million, producing $1.22 trillion USD in destination spending.<ref>{{Cite book |last=World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) |url=https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284419029 |title=UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2017 Edition |date=2017-07-01 |publisher=World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) |isbn=978-92-844-1902-9 |doi=10.18111/9789284419029}}</ref> The [[COVID-19]] crisis had significant negative effects on international tourism significantly slowing the overall increasing trend.

[[International tourism]] has significant impacts on the environment, exacerbated in part by the problems created by [[air travel]] but also by other issues, including wealthy tourists bringing lifestyles that stress local infrastructure, water and trash systems among others.