Editing Tory (section)

==Political history==
[[File:Anthonis van Dyck 058.jpg|upright|thumb|Royalist supporters, such as the [[Cavaliers]], were referred to as tories during the [[Interregnum (1649–1660)|Interregnum]] and [[Restoration (England)|Restoration]] period in Great Britain.]]
Towards the end of [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]'s reign (1660–1685) there was [[Exclusion Crisis|some debate]] about whether his brother, [[James II of England|James, Duke of York]], should be allowed to accede to the throne because of James's Catholicism. "Whigs", originally a reference to Scottish cattle-drovers (stereotypically radical anti-Catholic [[Covenanter]]s), was the abusive term directed at those who wanted to exclude James on the grounds that he was a Catholic. Those who were not prepared to exclude James were labelled "[[Abhorrers]]" and later "Tories". [[Titus Oates]] applied the term ''Tory'', which then signified an Irish robber, to those who would not believe in his [[Popish Plot]] and the name gradually became extended to all who were supposed to have sympathy with the Catholic Duke of York.<ref>Justin McCarthy, ''A History of the Four Georges'', Volume I (of 4)</ref>

===United Kingdom===
{{Main|Conservatism in the United Kingdom}}
{{See also|Tories (British political party)}}
[[File:John Belasyse (Bellasis), 1st Baron Belasyse of Worlaby by Gilbert Jackson.jpg|upright|thumb|[[John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse|Lord Belasyse]] was the second Tory to lead a Ministry in Great Britain.]]
The [[Tories (British political party)|Tory political faction]] originally emerged within the [[Parliament of England]] to uphold the legitimist rights of [[James II of England|James II]] to succeed his brother [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] to the thrones of the three kingdoms. James became a Catholic at a time when the state institutions were fiercely independent from the [[Catholic Church]]—this was an issue for the [[Exclusion Crisis]] supporting [[Patrician (post-Roman Europe)|Patricians]], the political heirs to the nonconformist [[Roundhead]]s and [[Covenanter]]s. During the Exclusion Crisis, the word Tory was applied in the [[Kingdom of England]] as a nickname to the opponents of the bill, called the [[Abhorrers]]. The word "Tory" had connotations of [[Papist]] and [[outlaw]] derived from its previous use in Ireland.<ref>[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/humanrights/documents/glossary.htm Human Rights – Glossary] The National Archives</ref><ref>Robert  Willman,  "The Origins of 'Whig' and 'Tory' in English Political Language." ''Historical Journal'' 17, no. 2 (1974): 247–64. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2638297 online].</ref>

There were two Tory ministries after James II acceded to the throne: the first led by the [[Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester|Earl of Rochester]], the second by [[John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse|Lord Belasyse]]. A significant faction took part in the [[Glorious Revolution]] the military coup d'état that ousted James II with the Whigs to defend the [[Church of England]] and definitive [[Protestantism in the United Kingdom|Protestantism]]. A large but dwindling faction of Tories continued to support James in exile and his Stuart heirs to the throne, especially in 1714 after the [[Hanoverian Succession]] by [[George I of Great Britain|George I]], the first Hanoverian monarch. Although only a minority of Tories gave their adhesion to the [[Jacobitism|Jacobite risings]], this was used by the Whigs to discredit the Tories and paint them as traitors. After the advent of the Prime Ministerial system under the Whig [[Robert Walpole]], [[John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute|Lord Bute]]'s premiership in the reign of [[George III]] marked a revival. Under the [[Corn Laws]] (1815–1846) a majority of Tories supported [[protectionism|protectionist]] [[agrarianism]] with tariffs being imposed at the time for higher [[food prices]], self-sufficiency and enhanced wages in rural employment.

English Tories from the time of the Glorious Revolution up until the [[Reform Act 1832]] were characterised by strong [[Monarchism|monarchist]] tendencies, support for the [[Church of England]] and hostility to radical reform, while the [[Tories (British political party)|Tory party]] was an actual organisation which held power intermittently throughout the same period.<ref>Keith Feiling, ''The second Tory party, 1714–1832'' (1959)</ref> [[Conservatism]] began to emerge in the late 18th century—it synthesised [[moderate|moderate Whig]] economic policies and many Tory social values to create a new political philosophy and faction in opposition to the [[French Revolution]]. [[Edmund Burke]] and [[William Pitt the Younger]] led the way in this. [[Interventionism (politics)|Interventionism]] and strong armed forces were to prove a hallmark of Toryism under subsequent prime ministers. The word ''Conservative'' began to be used in place of Tory during the 1830s, as [[Robert Peel]]'s [[Peelite|followers]] began to re-interpret elements of Tory tradition under a banner of support for social reform and free trade.<ref name=bbc/> The party was eventually succeeded by the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative and Unionist Party]], with the term ''Tory'' enduring to become an interchangeable phrase with ''Conservative''.<ref name=bbc/>

===Canada===
{{Conservatism in Canada|Schools}}
{{Main|Conservatism in Canada}}
{{See also|Upper Canada Tories}}
The term ''Tory'' was first used to designate the [[Pre-Confederation history of Canada|pre-Confederation]] British ruling classes of [[Upper Canada]] and [[Lower Canada]], known as the [[Family Compact]] and the [[Château Clique]], an elite within the governing classes and often members within a section of society known as the [[United Empire Loyalist]]s. The United Empire Loyalists were [[Loyalists (American Revolution)|American loyalists]] from the [[Thirteen Colonies]] who resettled elsewhere in [[British North America]] during or after the [[American Revolutionary War]].

In post-Confederation Canada, the terms "[[Red Tory]]" and "[[Blue Tory]]" have long been used to describe the two wings of the [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] and previously the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative]] (PC) parties. The dyadic tensions originally arose out of the 1854 political union of British-Canadian Tories, [[French Canadians|French-Canadian]] traditionalists and the [[Monarchism|monarchist]] and loyalist leaning sections of the emerging commercial classes at the time—many of whom were uncomfortable with the pro-American and [[Annexation movements of Canada|annexationist tendencies]] within the liberal [[Clear Grits]]. Tory strength and prominence in the political culture was a feature of life in [[Nova Scotia]], [[New Brunswick]], [[Prince Edward Island]], [[Ontario]] and [[Manitoba]].<ref>James Farney, and David Rayside, eds. ''Conservatism in Canada'' (University of Toronto Press, 2013)</ref>

By the 1930s, the factions within Canadian Toryism were associated with either the urban business elites, or with rural traditionalists from the country's hinterland. A "Red Tory" is a member of the more moderate wing of the party (in the manner of [[John Farthing]] and [[George Grant (philosopher)|George Grant]]). They are generally unified by their adherence to British traditions in Canada.<ref>Heath Macquarrie, ''Red Tory blues: a political memoir'' (University of Toronto Press, 1992)</ref>

Throughout the course of Canadian history, the Conservative Party was generally controlled by [[John A. Macdonald|MacDonaldian]] Tory elements, which in Canada meant an adherence to the English-Canadian traditions of [[Monarchy of Canada|Monarchy]], [[British Empire|Empire-Commonwealth]], [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary government]], [[Canadian nationalism|nationalism]], protectionism, social reform and eventually acceptance of the necessity of the [[Social programs in Canada|welfare state]].<ref>Denis Smith, ''Rogue Tory: The Life and Legend of John G. Diefenbaker'' (1997)</ref>
[[File:Tory Refugees by Howard Pyle.jpg|thumb|[[United Empire Loyalist|Loyalist]] refugees on their way to [[the Canadas]] during the [[American Revolution]]. 1901 illustration by [[Howard Pyle]]. The Loyalists helped establish the base of support for political cliques in the Canadas, locally referred to as Tories.]]
By the 1970s, the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative Party]] was a [[Keynesian Revolution|Keynesian-consensus]] party. With the onset of [[stagflation]] in the 1970s, some Canadian Tories came under the influence of [[Post-war displacement of Keynesianism|neo-liberal developments]] in the United Kingdom and the United States, which highlighted the policies for [[privatization]] and [[Supply-side economics|supply-side interventions]]. In Canada, these Tories have been labelled [[neoconservatism|neoconservatives]]—which has a somewhat different connotation in the United States. By the early 1980s, there was no clear neoconservative in the Tory leadership cadre, but [[Brian Mulroney]] (who became leader in 1983) eventually came to adopt many policies from the [[Margaret Thatcher]] and [[Ronald Reagan]] governments.<ref>Tomos Dafydd Davies, "'A tale of two Tories?': the British and Canadian Conservative Parties and the'National Question'. The cases of Wales and Quebec." (2011).</ref>

As Mulroney took the [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada|Progressive Conservative Party]] further in this direction, with policy initiatives in the areas of [[deregulation]], privatization, free-trade and a [[consumption tax]] called the [[Goods and services tax (Canada)|Goods and services tax]] (GST), many traditionally-minded Tories became concerned that a political and cultural schism was occurring within the party.

The 1986 creation of the [[Reform Party of Canada]] attracted some of the [[Neoliberalism|neo-liberals]] and [[Social conservatism|social conservatives]] away from the Tory party and as some of the neoconservative policies of the Mulroney government proved unpopular, some of the provincial-rights elements moved towards Reform as well. In 1993, Mulroney resigned rather than fight an election based on his record after almost nine years in power. This left the Progressive Conservatives in disarray and scrambling to understand how to make Toryism relevant in provinces such as [[Quebec]], [[Saskatchewan]], [[Alberta]] and [[British Columbia]] that had never had a strong Tory tradition and political culture.

Thereafter in the 1990s, the Progressive Conservatives were a small party in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] and could only exert legislative pressure on the government through their power in the [[Senate of Canada]]. Eventually, through death and retirements, this power waned. [[Joe Clark]] returned as leader, but the schism with the Reformers effectively watered down the combined Blue and Red Tory vote in Canada.

By the late 1990s, there was talk of the necessity of uniting the right in Canada, to deter further [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]] majorities. Many Tories—both red and blue—opposed such moves, while others took the view that all would have to be pragmatic if there was any hope of reviving a strong party system. The [[Canadian Alliance]] party (as the Reform Party had become) and some leading Tories came together on an informal basis to see if they could find common ground. While Progressive Conservative Leader Joe Clark rebuffed the notion, the talks moved ahead and eventually in December 2003, the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative parties voted to rejoin into a new party called the Conservative Party of Canada.

After the merger of the Progressive Conservatives with the Canadian Alliance in 2003, there was debate as to whether the "Tory" appellation should survive at the federal level. Commentators speculated that some Alliance members would take offence to the term. Nevertheless, it was officially adopted by the merged party during the [[2004 Conservative Party of Canada leadership election|2004 leadership convention]]. [[Stephen Harper]], former leader of the [[Conservative Party of Canada]] and Prime Minister from 2006 to 2015, regularly refers to himself as a Tory and says the new party is a natural evolution of the conservative political movement.<ref>Alex Marland, and Tom Flanagan. "Brand New Party: Political Branding and the Conservative Party of Canada." ''Canadian Journal of Political Science'' (2013) 46#4 pp: 951–972.</ref><ref>Laura Devaney, "The Unite the Right Movement and the Brokerage of Social Conservative Voices Within the New Conservative Party of Canada." ''The Agora''  3.2 (2013): 101.</ref> However, there were some dissident Red Tories who were against the merger. They formed the rival [[Progressive Canadian Party]].

===United States===
{{See also|Loyalist (American Revolution)}}
[[File:KingsMountain DeathOfFerguson Chappel.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the death of British Major [[Patrick Ferguson]], during the [[American Revolutionary War]]. He was shot while commanding Loyalist regulars and [[militia (British Dominions and Crown Colonies)|militia]] at the [[Battle of Kings Mountain]].]]
The term "Loyalist" was used in the [[American Revolution]] for those who remained loyal to the British Crown.  About 80% of the Loyalists remained in the United States after the war. The 60,000 or so Loyalists who settled in Nova Scotia, [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Quebec]], [[the Bahamas]], or returned to Great Britain after the American War of Independence are known as United Empire Loyalists.<ref>William Stewart Wallace, ''The United Empire Loyalists: A Chronicle of the Great Migration'' (1920) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9YKAQAAIAAJ online].</ref>

On 12 February 1798, [[Thomas Jefferson]] (of the [[Democratic-Republican Party]]) described the [[Traditionalist conservatism in the United States|conservative]] [[Federalist Party]] as "[a] political Sect [...] believing that the executive is the branch of our government which the most needs support, [who] are called federalists, sometimes aristocrats or monocrats, and sometimes Tories, after the corresponding sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition".<ref>letter to John Wise in Francis N. Thorpe, ed "A Letter from Jefferson on the Political Parties, 1798," ''American Historical Review v.3#3 (April 1898) pp 488–89</ref> However, that was clearly a hostile description by the Federalists' foes of whom Jefferson was one and not a name used by the Federalists themselves. The Federalist Party was dissolved in 1835 with no successor parties.

Later the [[Democratic-Republican Party]] splintered in different parties, with the two dissidences being the [[National Republican Party]] and the [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]]. The rest of the party would become the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. The National Republican Party would then merge with the Whig Party, giving rise to what would be called the [[Second Party System]].<ref name="pop style">{{Cite web |url=https://nationalaffairs.com/publications/detail/populism-american-style |title=Populism, American Style |last=Olsen |first=Henry |date=Summer 2010 |access-date=30 May 2021 |publisher=National Affairs |quote="Amid the passion and the anger, Jefferson and Madison's Republican Party — the forerunner of today's Democrats — won the day; the coalition they built then proceeded to win every national election until 1824... The elections of 1828 and 1832 saw the ruling Republicans break into two factions: The minority faction — headed by incumbent president John Quincy Adams — became the National Republicans (and then the Whigs); it drew its support from the mercantile regions of the country, mainly New England and the large cities of the South. Members of the majority faction, meanwhile, renamed themselves the Democrats under the leadership of Andrew Jackson."}}</ref> Although the Whig Party adopted its name from its British counterpart, the term "Tories" had already completely fallen out of favour in the US.

During the [[American Civil War]], [[Confederate States of America|Confederate forces]] commonly referred to [[Southern Unionists]] as ''Tories'', drawing a parallel with the Tories of the American Revolutionary War. To the Confederates, Southern Unionists symbolized a direct challenge to their political aspirations and were viewed as "traitors to the white race". Conversely, [[Union (American Civil War)|Unionists]] regarded Southern Unionists as a loyal segment of the Southern population, swept by the tide of succession, and whom the foundations of [[Reconstruction era|Reconstruction]] would be built.<ref>{{cite journal|title=True Blue: White Unionists in the Deep South during the Civil War and Reconstruction|last=Butler|first=Clayton J.|year=2022|journal=Alabama Review|volume=75|issue=4|doi=10.1353/ala.2022.0034|pages=171–172}}</ref>

====Texas Revolution====
In Texas in 1832–1836, support for the [[Texas Revolution]] was not unanimous. The "Tories" were men who supported the Mexican government. The Tories generally were long-term property holders whose roots were outside of the lower south. They typically had little interest in politics and sought conciliation rather than war. The Tories wanted to preserve the economic, political and social gains that they enjoyed as citizens of Mexico and the revolution threatened to jeopardize those gains.<ref>Margaret Swett Henson, "Tory Sentiment in Anglo-Texan Public Opinion, 1832–1836," ''Southwestern Historical Quarterly,'' July 1986, Vol. 90 Issue 1, pp 1–34</ref>