Editing Tongva (section)

== Names ==

===''Tongva''===
[[File:Bench (Tongva).jpg|thumb|237x237px|A bench with the name ''Tongva'' on it]]
The word ''Tongva'' was coined by [[C. Hart Merriam]] in 1905<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/the-chievor-of-the-tongva-merriam-c-1905 | title=Science – the Chievor of the Tongva Merriam C 1905 }}</ref> from numerous informants. These included Mrs. James Rosemyre (née Narcisa Higuera) (Gabrileño), who lived around [[Fort Tejon]], near Bakersfield.<ref>{{cite web |title=C. Hart Merriam papers relating to work with California Indians, 1850–1974. (bulk 1898–1938) |url=https://archive.org/details/bancroft_chartmerriam_1556_25 |publisher=Online Archive of California |date=1855–1942}}</ref><ref name="Heizer1968">{{cite book|first=Robert F.|last=Heizer|title=The Indians of Los Angeles County: Hugo Reid's Letters of 1852|url=https://memory.loc.gov/service/gdc/calbk/007.pdf|year=1968|publisher=Southwest Museum|page=6, Introduction|access-date=May 31, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212161351/https://memory.loc.gov/service/gdc/calbk/007.pdf|archive-date=December 12, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Harkin2004" /> Merriam's orthography makes it clear that the endonym would be pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|ɒ|ŋ|v|eɪ}}, {{respell|TONG|vay}}.<ref name="Golla2011">{{cite book|first=Victor|last=Golla|title=California Indian Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_yqdSE1F8wC&pg=PA312|year=2011|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-26667-4|page=312|quote=Merriam recorded the Gabrieleño self-designation as "Tong-vā," presumably [toŋve]|access-date=June 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224045620/https://books.google.com/books?id=B_yqdSE1F8wC&pg=PA312|archive-date=December 24, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some descendants prefer the [[Endonym and exonym|endonym]] ''[[Kizh]]'', which they argue is an earlier and more historically accurate name that was well documented by records of the Smithsonian Institution,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/report-upon-the-condition-and-progress-o | title=Report Upon the Condition and Progress O }}</ref> Congress,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/library-of-congress-subject-headings-kizh-refrence | title=Library of Congress Subject Headings Kizh {{as written|Refr|ence [sic]}} }}</ref> the Catholic Church,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/catholic-encyclopedia-kizh | title=Catholic Encyclopedia Kizh }}</ref> the San Gabriel Mission,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/the-old-san-gabriel-mission | title=The Old San Gabriel Mission }}</ref> and other historical scholars.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/the-ethno-botany-of-the-coahuilla-indian | title=The Ethno Botany of the Coahuilla Indian }}</ref>

=== ''Gabrieleño'' ===
The Spanish referred to the Indigenous peoples surrounding [[Mission San Gabriel Arcángel|Mission San Gabriel]] as the ''Gabrieleño''. This was not their autonym, or their name for themselves. Because of historical uses, the term is part of every official tribe's name in this area, spelled either as "Gabrieleño" or "Gabrielino".<ref name="tongva.com">{{cite web|title=Tribal home of the Gabrieleno/Tongva Nation|url=http://tongva.com/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010923234724/http://tongva.com/|archive-date=2001-09-23|access-date=2018-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gabrielino-Tongva Tribe – A California Indian Tribe historically known as San Gabriel Band of Mission Indians|url=http://www.gabrielinotribe.org/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320072616/http://www.gabrielinotribe.org/|archive-date=20 March 2018|access-date=6 April 2018|website=www.gabrielinotribe.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=tongvatribe.net|url=http://tongvatribe.net/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321021940/http://tongvatribe.net/|archive-date=2018-03-21|access-date=2018-04-06|publisher=tongvatribe.net}}</ref>

Because tribal groups have disagreed about appropriate use of the term ''Tongva'', they have adopted ''Gabrieleño'' as a mediating term. For example, when Debra Martin, a city council member from [[Pomona, California|Pomona]], led a project in 2017 to dedicate wooden statues in local Ganesha Park to the Indigenous people of the area, they disagreed over which name, ''Tongva'' or ''Kizh'', should be used on the dedication plaque. Tribal officials tentatively agreed to use the term ''Gabrieleño.''<ref name=":124">{{Cite news|last=Saldaña|first=Marisa|date=7 September 2018|title=Fighting History|work=La Verne Magazine|url=https://lavernemagazine.org/2018/09/fighting-history/|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918075922/https://lavernemagazine.org/2018/09/fighting-history/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Act of September 21, 1968, <!-- to achieve what? needs introduction itself -->introduced this concept of the affiliation of an applicant's ancestors in order to exclude certain individuals from receiving a share of the award to the "Indians of California" who chose to receive a share of any awards to certain tribes in California that had splintered off from the generic group. The members or ancestors of the petitioning group were not affected by the exclusion in the Act. Individuals with lineal or collateral descent from an Indian tribe who resided in California in 1852, would, if not excluded by the provisions of the Act of 1968, remain on the list of the "Indians of California". To comply with the Act, the Secretary of Interior would have to collect information about the group affiliation of an applicant's Indian ancestors. That information would be used to identify applicants who could share in another award. The group affiliation of an applicant's ancestors was thus a basis for exclusion from, but not a requirement for inclusion on, the judgment roll. The act of 1968 stated that the Secretary of the Interior would distribute an equal share of the award to the individuals on the judgment roll "regardless of group affiliation".<ref>{{cite web |title=Final Determination Against Federal Acknowledgement of the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe |url=https://www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/dup/assets/as-ia/ofa/petition/111_muwekm_CA/111_fd.pdf |access-date=June 4, 2022 |archive-date=June 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604193903/https://www.bia.gov/sites/default/files/dup/assets/as-ia/ofa/petition/111_muwekm_CA/111_fd.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>