Editing Toledo, Ohio (section)

===19th century===
According to Charles E. Slocum, the American military built [[Fort Industry]] at the mouth of the Swan Creek at about 1805 as a temporary stockade. No official reports support the 19th-century tradition of its earlier history there.<ref name="slocum">[http://ohahgp.genealogyvillage.com/Resources/forts-miami-and-fort-industry.html Charles E. Slocum, "Forts Miami and Fort Industry"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227075851/http://ohahgp.genealogyvillage.com/Resources/forts-miami-and-fort-industry.html |date=December 27, 2015 }}, ''Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications,'' Volume XII, 1903; hosted at American History and Genealogy Project, accessed December 26, 2015</ref>

The United States continued to work to transition the area's population from Native Americans to Whites. In the [[Treaty of Detroit]] (1807), the above four tribes ceded a large land area to the United States of what became southeastern Michigan and northwestern Ohio, to the mouth of the Maumee River (where Toledo later developed). Reserves for the Odawa were set aside in northwestern Ohio for a limited time. The Native Americans signed the treaty at [[Detroit, Michigan]], on November 17, 1807, with [[William Hull]], governor of the Michigan Territory and superintendent of Indian affairs, as the sole representative of the U.S.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2746/ |title=Treaty Between the Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot, and Potawatomi Indians |website=[[World Digital Library]] |date=November 17, 1807 |access-date=August 3, 2013 |archive-date=May 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508212426/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/2746/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Historical Collections of Ohio- An Encyclopedia of the State; History Both General and Local, Geography with Descriptions of Its Counties, Cities and Villages, Its Agricultural, Manufacturing, Mining (14769953671).jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Peter Navarre]], frontiersman, hero of the [[Battle of Lake Erie]]]]

More American settlers entered the area over the next few years, but many fled during the [[War of 1812]], when British forces raided the area with their Native American allies. Resettlement began around 1818 after a Cincinnati syndicate purchased a {{convert|974|acre|km2|1|adj=mid}} tract at the mouth of Swan Creek and named it Port Lawrence, developing it as the [[Downtown Toledo|modern downtown area]] of Toledo. Immediately to the north of that, another syndicate founded the town of Vistula, the historic north end.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book |title=The Ohio Guide |year=1940 |author=[[Federal Writers' Project]] |publisher=US History Publishers |isbn=9781603540346}}</ref> These two towns bordered each other across Cherry Street. This is why present-day streets on the street's northeast side run at a slightly different angle from those southwest of it.

In 1824, the Ohio state legislature authorized the construction of the [[Miami and Erie Canal]], and in 1833, its [[Wabash and Erie Canal]] extension. The canal's purpose was to connect the city of Cincinnati to [[Lake Erie]] for water transportation to eastern markets, including to New York City via the Erie Canal and Hudson River. At that time, no highways had been built in the state, and goods produced locally had great difficulty reaching the larger markets east of the [[Appalachian Mountains]]. During the canal's planning phase, many small towns along the northern shores of the Maumee River heavily competed to be the ending terminus of the canal, knowing it would give them a profitable status.<ref name="Gieck 1913">{{Cite book |last=Gieck |first=Jack |title=A Photo Album of Ohio's Canal Era, 1825–1913 |location=Kent |publisher=Kent State University Press |year=1988 |isbn=9780873383530}}</ref> The towns of Port Lawrence and Vistula merged in 1833 to better compete against the upriver towns of [[Waterville, Ohio|Waterville]] and [[Maumee, Ohio|Maumee]].

The inhabitants of this joined settlement chose the name Toledo:
<blockquote>"but the reason for this choice is buried in a welter of legends. One recounts that [[Washington Irving]], who was traveling in Spain at the time, suggested the name to his brother, a local resident; this explanation ignores the fact that Irving returned to the United States in 1832. Others award the honor to Two Stickney, son of the major who quaintly numbered his sons and named his daughters after States. The most popular version attributes the naming to Willard J. Daniels, a merchant, who reportedly suggested Toledo because it 'is easy to pronounce, is pleasant in sound, and there is no other city of that name on the American continent.'"<ref name="ReferenceA"/></blockquote>Despite Toledo's efforts, the canal built the final terminus in Manhattan, {{convert|1/2|mi|m|abbr=out|spell=in}} to the north of Toledo, because it was closer to Lake Erie. As a compromise, the state placed two sidecuts before the terminus, one in Toledo at Swan Creek and another in [[Maumee, Ohio|Maumee]], about 10 miles to the southwest.

Among the numerous treaties made between the Ottawa and the United States were two signed in this area: at Miami (Maumee) Bay in 1831 and Maumee, Ohio, upriver of Toledo, in 1833.<ref name="hodge">{{cite web |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fxoTAAAAYAAJ&q=Ondatauauat&pg=PA167 |title=Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico: N-Z |page=167 |website=Books.google.com |access-date=May 23, 2016 |last1=Hodge |first1=Frederick Webb |year=1910 |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523050245/https://books.google.com/books?id=fxoTAAAAYAAJ&q=Ondatauauat&pg=PA167#v=onepage&q=Ondatauauat&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> These actions were among US purchases or exchanges of land to accomplish [[Indian Removal]] of the Ottawa from areas wanted for European-American settlement. The last of the Odawa did not leave this area until 1839, when Ottoke, grandson of [[Pontiac (Ottawa leader)|Pontiac]], led his band from their village at the mouth of the Maumee River to [[Indian Territory]] in Kansas.<ref>[[Helen Hornbeck Tanner]], ed., ''Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History'' (University of Oklahoma Press: Norman, 1986) pp. 48-51</ref><ref>Larry Angelo (2nd chief of the Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma), ''The Migration of the Ottawas from 1615 to Present,'' (1997), pp. 3-6</ref>

[[File:City of Toledo, Ohio aerial map, 1870 - DPLA - dd2195b1917c87c7b6eaa8d81c330b5e.jpg|thumb|left|Bird's-eye view of Toledo drawn in 1870]]
An almost bloodless conflict between Ohio and the Michigan Territory, called the [[Toledo War]] (1835–1836), was "fought" over a narrow strip of land from the [[Indiana]] border to [[Lake Erie]], now containing the city and the suburbs of [[Sylvania, Ohio|Sylvania]] and [[Oregon, Ohio]]. The strip, which varied between five and {{convert|8|mi|km|spell=in}} in width, was claimed by both the state of Ohio and the Michigan Territory due to conflicting legislation concerning the location of the Ohio-Michigan state line. Militias from both states were sent to the border, but never engaged. The only casualty of the conflict was a Michigan deputy [[Sheriffs in the United States|sheriff]]—stabbed in the leg with a penknife by Two Stickney during the arrest of his elder brother, One Stickney, and the loss of two horses, two pigs, and a few chickens stolen from an Ohio farm by lost members of the Michigan militia. Major Benjamin Franklin Stickney, father of One and Two Stickney, had been instrumental in pushing Congress to rule in favor of Ohio gaining Toledo.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.toledoblade.com/local/2000/12/24/Benjamin-Franklin-Stickney-His-remarkable-life-and-times.html |work=The Blade |title=Benjamin Franklin Stickney: His remarkable life and times |date=December 24, 2000 |access-date=December 16, 2016 |first=George J. |last=Tanber |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116002959/http://www.toledoblade.com/local/2000/12/24/Benjamin-Franklin-Stickney-His-remarkable-life-and-times.html |archive-date=November 16, 2015}}</ref> In the end, the state of Ohio was awarded the land after the state of Michigan was given a larger portion of the [[Upper Peninsula]] in exchange.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=1265 |work=Professional Surveyor Magazine |title=History Corner: Ohio-Michigan Boundary War, Part 2 |date=June 2004 |access-date=August 3, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728093839/http://www.profsurv.com/magazine/article.aspx?i=1265 |archive-date=July 28, 2011 |first=Gordon |last=Mitchell}}</ref> Stickney Avenue in Toledo is named for Major Stickney.

[[File:Toledo, Ohio, 1876 WDL9586.png|thumb|A postcard of Toledo in 1876]]
Toledo was very slow to expand during its first two decades of settlement. The first lot was sold in the Port Lawrence section of the city in 1833. It held 1,205 persons in 1835, and five years later, it had gained just seven more persons. Settlers came and went quickly through Toledo and between 1833 and 1836, ownership of land had changed so many times that none of the original parties remained in the town. The canal and its Toledo side-cut entrance were completed in 1843. Soon after the canal was functional, the new canal boats had become too large to use the shallow waters at the terminus in Manhattan. More boats began using the Swan Creek side-cut than its official terminus, quickly putting the Manhattan warehouses out of business and triggering a rush to move business to Toledo. Most of Manhattan's residents moved out by 1844.

The 1850 census recorded Toledo as having 3,829 residents and Manhattan 541. The 1860 census shows Toledo with a population of 13,768 and Manhattan with 788. While the towns were only a mile apart, Toledo grew by 359% in 10 years. Manhattan's growth was on a small base and never competed, given the drawbacks of its lesser canal outlet. By the 1880s, Toledo expanded over the vacant streets of Manhattan and Tremainsville, a small town to the west.<ref name="Gieck 1913"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Simonis |first=Louis A. |title=Maumee River, 1835 |location=Defiance |publisher=Defiance County Historical Society |year=1979}}</ref>

In the last half of the 19th century, railroads slowly began to replace canals as the major form of transportation. They were faster and had greater capacity. Toledo soon became a hub for several railroad companies and a hotspot for industries such as furniture producers, carriage makers, breweries, and glass manufacturers. Large [[immigrant]] populations came to the area.
[[File:Toledo 1900.jpg|thumb|Toledo around 1905, showing growing industry along the Maumee River]]