Editing Tobacco (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of tobacco}}
{{See also|History of commercial tobacco in the United States}}
[[File:William Michael Harnett (American, 1848-1892). Still Life with Three Castles Tobacco, 1880.jpg|thumbnail|right|[[William Michael Harnett]] (American, 1848–1892), ''Still Life with Three Castles Tobacco'', 1880, [[Brooklyn Museum]]]]

===Cultural significance===
According to [[Iroquois mythology]], tobacco [[Origin myth|first grew]] out of Earth Woman's head after she [[Maternal death|died giving birth]] to her [[Twin|twin sons]], [[Hahgwehdiyu|Sapling and Flint]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Day|first=Ashley|date=November 20, 2023|title=''3 Sisters to Invite to Thanksgiving''|url=https://www.foodandwine.com/the-three-sisters-8404587|publisher=[[Food & Wine]]}}</ref>

===Traditional use===
[[File:Chute tobacco.JPG|thumb|The earliest depiction of a European man smoking, from ''Tobacco'' by [[Anthony Chute]], 1595]]
[[File:Rajput (Jodhpur) (8411728143).jpg|thumb|An [[Indian people|Indian]] man smoking tobacco through a [[hookah]], [[Rajasthan, India]]]]
Tobacco has long been used in the Americas, with some cultivation sites in Mexico dating back to 1400–1000 BC.<ref>Goodman, Jordan. ''Tobacco in History and Culture: An Encyclopedia'' (Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005).</ref> Many Native American tribes traditionally grow and use tobacco.<ref name=leonard>{{cite book
 |last=Leonard
 |first=Jonathan Norton
 |author-link=
 |date=1970
 |title=Recipes, Latin American cooking
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8SLxAEACAAJ
 |location=
 |publisher=Time-Life International (Nederlands)
 |page= 21
 |isbn=978-0-8094-0063-8
}}</ref> Historically, people from the [[Indigenous peoples of the Northeastern Woodlands|Northeast Woodlands cultures]] have carried tobacco in pouches as a readily accepted trade item. It was smoked both socially and [[Ceremonial pipe|ceremonially]], such as to seal a peace treaty or trade agreement.<ref>e.g. Heckewelder, ''History, Manners and Customs of the Indian Nations who Once Inhabited Pennsylvania'', p. 149 ff.</ref><ref>"They smoke with excessive eagerness&nbsp;... men, women, girls and boys, all find their keenest pleasure in this way." – Dièreville describing the [[Mi'kmaq people|Mi'kmaq]], ''circa'' 1699 in ''Port Royal''.</ref> In some Native cultures, tobacco is seen as a gift from the [[Creator deity|Creator]], with the ceremonial tobacco smoke carrying one's thoughts and prayers to the Creator.<ref>{{Ci
te book |last=Gottsegen |first=Jack Jacob |title=Tobacco: A Study of Its Consumption in the United States |date=1940 |publisher=[[Pitman (publisher)|Pitman]] |page=107 |oclc=14728283}}</ref>

Some Native Americans consider tobacco to be a medicine and advocate for its respectful usage, rather than a commercial one.<ref>{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|204813987}} |last1=Cohen |first1=Ken |title=Native American medicine |journal=Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine |volume=4 |issue=6 |date=November 1998 |pages=45–57 |pmid=9810067 }}</ref> 

===Popularization===
[[File:A Smoking Club.jpeg|thumb|An illustration from [[Frederick William Fairholt]]'s ''Tobacco, its History and Association'', 1859]]
[[File:KITLV - 26868 - Kleingrothe, C.J. - Medan - Tobacco plant and tobacco leaf, Deli - circa 1905.tif|thumb|Tobacco plant and tobacco leaf from the [[Deli Company|Deli plantations]] in Sumatra, 1905]]
Following the arrival of the Europeans to the Americas, tobacco became increasingly popular as a trade item. [[Francisco Hernández de Toledo]], Spanish chronicler of the Indies, was the first European to bring tobacco seeds to the [[Old World]] in 1559 following orders of King [[Philip II of Spain]]. These seeds were planted in the outskirts of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]], more specifically in an area known as "Los Cigarrales" named after the continuous plagues of cicadas (''cigarras'' in Spanish). Before the development of the lighter Virginia and white burley strains of tobacco, the smoke was too harsh to be inhaled. Small quantities were smoked at a time, using a pipe like the ''[[midwakh]]'' or ''[[kiseru]],'' or newly invented waterpipes such as the [[bong]] or the [[hookah]] (see [[Nicotiana rustica#Vietnam|thuốc lào]] for a modern continuance of this practice). Tobacco became so popular that the English colony of Jamestown used it as currency and began exporting it as a cash crop; tobacco is often credited as being the export that saved Virginia from ruin.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism|last=Appleby|first=Joyce|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|year=2010|pages=131}}</ref> While a lucrative product, the growing expansion of tobacco demand was intimately tied to the history of [[slavery]] in the Caribbean.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tobacco and slavery : a neverending history |url=https://www.medicusmundi.ch/de/advocacy/publikationen/mms-bulletin/fighting-tobacco-in-lmic/kapitel-3/tobacco-and-slavery-a-neverending-history |access-date=2024-07-11 |website=www.medicusmundi.ch |language=de}}</ref>

The alleged benefits of tobacco also contributed to its success. The astronomer [[Thomas Harriot]], who accompanied [[Sir Richard Grenville]] on his 1585 expedition to [[Roanoke Island]], thought that the plant "openeth all the pores and passages of the body" so that the bodies of the natives "are notably preserved in health, and know not many grievous diseases, wherewithal we in England are often times afflicted."<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/4247/4247-h/4247-h.htm |title=A BRIEFE AND TRUE REPORT OF THE NEW FOUND LAND OF VIRGINIA |last=Hariot |first=Thomas |date=1590 |publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref>

Production of tobacco for smoking, chewing, and snuffing became a major industry in Europe and its colonies by 1700.<ref>Eric Burns, ''The Smoke of the Gods: A Social History of Tobacco'' (2006), A popular history focused on the US.</ref><ref>Jordan Goodman, ''Tobacco in History: The Cultures of Dependence'' (1993), A scholarly history worldwide.</ref>

Tobacco has been a major [[cash crop]] in Cuba and in other parts of the Caribbean since the 18th century. Cuban cigars are world-famous.<ref>Charlotte Cosner, ''The Golden Leaf: How Tobacco Shaped Cuba and the Atlantic World'' (Vanderbilt University Press; 2015)</ref>

In the late 19th century, cigarettes became popular. [[James Bonsack]] invented a machine to automate cigarette production. This increase in production allowed tremendous growth in the [[tobacco industry]] until the health revelations of the late 20th century.<ref>Richard Kluger, ''Ashes to Ashes: America's Hundred-Year Cigarette War'' (1996)</ref><ref>Allan Brandt, ''The Cigarette Century: The Rise, Fall, and Deadly Persistence of the Product That Defined America'' (2007)</ref>

===Contemporary===
{{See also|Tobacco control|Tobacco in the United States}}

Following the scientific revelations of the mid-20th century, tobacco was condemned as a health hazard, and eventually became recognized as a cause of cancer, as well as other respiratory and circulatory diseases. In the [[United States]], this led to the adoption of the 1998 [[Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement]], which settled the many lawsuits by the U.S. states in exchange for a combination of yearly payments to the states and voluntary restrictions on advertising and marketing of tobacco products.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schroeder |first1=Steven A. |title=Tobacco Control in the Wake of the 1998 Master Settlement Agreement |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=15 January 2004 |volume=350 |issue=3 |pages=293–301 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsr031421 |pmid=14715919 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

In the 1970s, [[Brown & Williamson]] cross-bred a strain of tobacco to produce [[Y1 (tobacco)|Y1]], a strain containing an unusually high nicotine content, nearly doubling from 3.2–3.5% to 6.5%. In the 1990s, this prompted the [[Food and Drug Administration]] to allege that [[tobacco industry|tobacco companies]] were intentionally manipulating the nicotine content of [[cigarette]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interviews – Dr. David Kessler {{!}} Inside The Tobacco Deal {{!}} Frontline {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/settlement/interviews/kessler.html |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref>

The desire of many addicted smokers to quit has led to the development of [[nicotine replacement therapy|tobacco cessation products]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Commissioner|first=Office of the|date=September 9, 2020|title=Want to Quit Smoking? FDA-Approved Products Can Help|url=https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/want-quit-smoking-fda-approved-products-can-help|journal=FDA|language=en}}</ref>

In 2003, in response to growth of tobacco use in developing countries, the [[World Health Organization]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/fctc/en/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527122132/http://www.who.int/fctc/en/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 27, 2008|title=WHO &#124; WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC)|publisher=Who.int|access-date=September 18, 2008}}</ref> successfully rallied 168 countries to sign the [[WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control|Framework Convention on Tobacco Control]]. The convention is designed to push for effective legislation and enforcement in all countries to reduce the harmful effects of tobacco.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO {{!}} WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control|url=http://www.who.int/fctc/text_download/en/|access-date=February 17, 2021|publisher=WHO}}</ref> Between 2019 and 2021, concerns about increased COVID-19 health risks due to tobacco consumption facilitated smoking reduction and cessation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Haiyang |last2=Ma |first2=Jingjing |title=How the COVID-19 pandemic impacts tobacco addiction: Changes in smoking behavior and associations with well-being |journal=Addictive Behaviors |date=August 2021 |volume=119 |pages=106917 |doi=10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106917 |doi-access=free |pmid=33862579 |pmc=9186053 }}</ref>