Editing Tiraspol (section)

== History ==
{{Quote box
| width = 22em
| align = left
| bgcolor = #B0C4DE
| title = Historical affiliations
| fontsize = 82%
| quote = {{plainlist|
*{{flagicon|Moldova}} [[Republic of Moldova]] 1991–present (de jure)
*{{flagicon|Transnistria}} [[Transnistria]] 1990–present (de facto)
*{{flagicon|USSR}} [[USSR]] 1944–1991
*{{flagicon|Romania}} [[Kingdom of Romania]] 1941–1944
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the USSR (1936-1955).svg}} [[USSR]] 1922–1941
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1929).svg|size=23px}} [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] 1921–1922
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine.svg|size=23px}} [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] 1917-1919
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg|size=23px}} [[Russian Republic]] 1917	
*{{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg|size=23px}} [[Russian Empire]] 1792–1917}}
}}

=== Classical and medieval history ===
[[Tyras]] ({{Lang|grc|Τύρας}}), also spelled ''Tiras'', was a [[Greek colonisation|colony]] of the Greek city [[Miletus]], probably founded about 600 BC, situated some {{convert|10|km|0|abbr=off}} from the mouth of the Tiras River (Dniester). Of no great importance in early times, in the second century BC it fell under the dominion of [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] kings whose names appear on its coins. It was destroyed by the [[Thracians|Thracian]] [[Getae]] about 50 BC.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

In 56 AD, the [[Roman Republic|Romans]] restored the city and made it part of the [[Roman province|colonial province]] of [[Lower Moesia]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} A series of its coins exist that feature heads of [[Roman emperors]] from [[Domitian]] to [[Severus Alexander]]. Soon after the time of the latter, the city was destroyed again, this time by the invasion of the [[Goths]]. Its government was in the hands of five [[archon]]s, a [[senate]], a [[ecclesia (ancient Athens)|popular assembly]], and a [[Civil registration|registrar]]. The images on its coins from this period suggest a trade in wheat, wine, and fish. The few [[Epigraphy|inscriptions]] extant are mostly concerned with trade.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Such ancient [[archeological]] remains are scanty, as the city site was built over by [[Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi fortress|the great medieval fortress]] of Monocastro or [[Akkerman]].<ref>See E. H. Minns, ''Scythians and Greeks'' (Cambridge, 1909); V. V. Latyshev, ''Inscriptiones Orae Septentrionalis Ponti Euxini,'' vol. I.</ref> In the [[Late Middle Ages]], the area around of modern Tiraspol became part of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. The Lithuanians, unable to settle their vast state on their own, allowed [[Romanians|Moldavian]] settlement in the area.{{sfn|Cucerescu|Rosca|2015|p=187}}

=== Tsarist Russian rule ===
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2024}}
The [[Russian Empire]] conquered its way to the [[Dniester]] River, taking territory from the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In 1792 the [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian army]] built fortifications to guard the western border near a Moldavian village named [[Sucleia]]. Field Marshal [[Alexander Suvorov]] is considered the founder of modern Tiraspol; [[Suvorov Monument (Tiraspol)|his statue]] is the city's most distinctive landmark.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baranchikov |first=E. V. |year=2017 |title=ТИРАСПОЛЬ |url=https://old.bigenc.ru/geography/text/4192874 |access-date=2024-01-22 |website=old.[[Great Russian Encyclopedia|bigenc.ru]]}}</ref> The city took its name from ''[[Tyras]]'', the [[Greeks|Greek]] name of the Dniester River on which it stands. It was granted city rights in 1795.{{sfn|Cucerescu|Rosca|2015|p=188}}

In 1828, the Russian government established a customs house in Tiraspol to try to suppress [[smuggling]]. The customs house was subordinated to the chief of the [[Odesa]] customs region. It began operations with 14 employees. They inspected shipments of bread, paper, oil, wine, sugar, fruits and other goods.

[[File:План Тираспольской крепости 1856.jpg|thumb|center|1856 plan of the {{ill|Tiraspol Fortress|ro|Cetatea Tiraspol|ru|Тираспольская крепость}}]]
In December 1917, Tiraspol hosted a congress of Transnistrian Moldovans, at which they wished to unite the city with [[Bessarabia]].{{sfn|Cucerescu|Rosca|2015|p=189}}

=== Soviet Tiraspol ===
[[File:Tiraspol 3.JPG|thumb|left|Tiraspol in 1941]]
After the [[Russian Revolution]], the [[Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] was created in [[Ukraine]] in 1924, with [[Balta, Ukraine|Balta]] as its capital.{{sfn|Cucerescu|Rosca|2015|p=189}} The republic had [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and Russian as its official languages. Its capital was moved in 1929 to Tiraspol, which remained the capital of the Moldavian ASSR until 1940.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tiraspol {{!}} Moldova {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tiraspol |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Cucerescu|Rosca|2015|p=189}}

In 1940, following the secret provisions of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], the USSR forced Romania to cede [[Bessarabia]]. It integrated Tiraspol, until then part of the [[Moldavian ASSR]], into the newly formed [[Moldavian SSR]]. On 7 August 1941, following the [[Operation Barbarossa|Axis invasion of the Soviet Union]], the city was taken over by [[Romania during World War II|Romanian troops]]. Later that month, on 19 August, the [[Tiraspol Agreement]] establishing the [[Transnistria Governorate]] was signed. During the occupation, Tiraspol was under Romanian administration. During that period almost all of its Jewish population died: they were slain ''in situ'' or deported to German Nazi [[death camp]]s, and killed there.

[[File:Tiraspoljet.JPG|thumb|Soviet [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19|MiG-19]] monument]]
In 1941, before the occupation, the newspaper ''[[Dnestrovskaya Pravda]]'' was founded by the Tiraspol City Council of popular deputies. This is the oldest periodical publication in the region. On 12 April 1944, the city was retaken by the [[Red Army]] and became again part of the Moldavian SSR.

According to a 1991 figure by Moldova's [[Security and Intelligence Service of Moldova|Ministry of National Security]] (now the Security and Intelligence Service, SIS), of the 5,485 people who were sentenced to death in the territory of modern Moldova during totalitarian communist rule, over 4,000 of them were executed in Tiraspol, in the {{ill|Tiraspol Fortress|lt=city's fortress|ro|Cetatea Tiraspol|ru|Тираспольская крепость}}, in 1937 and 1938 alone, during the [[Great Purge]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://arhiva.gov.md/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Cartea-Memoriei.-Volumul-I.pdf|title=Cartea memoriei: catalog al victimelor totalitarismului comunist|first1=Elena|last1=Postică|first2=Maria|last2=Praporșcic|first3=Vera|last3=Stăvilă|editor-first=Elena|editor-last=Postică|publisher=[[National History Museum of Moldova]]|volume=1|page=6|year=1999|language=ro|isbn=9975671098}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://newsmaker.md/ru/ne-vernetsya-nikto-i-nikogda-zdes-sgniete-kak-deportirovali-zhiteley-sovetskoy-mol-33511|title="Не вернется никто и никогда — здесь сгниете". Как депортировали жителей советской Молдавии|first1=Olga|last1=Gnatcova|first2=Marina|last2=Șupac|newspaper=NewsMaker|date=12 September 2017|language=ru}}</ref>

=== Post-secession ===
On 27 January 1990, the citizens in Tiraspol passed a [[referendum]] declaring the city as an [[independence|independent territory]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} The nearby city of [[Bender, Moldova|Bendery]] also declared its independence from [[Moldova]]. As the [[Russian language|Russian-speaking]] independence movement gained momentum, some local governments banded together to resist pressure from the [[Moldova]]n government for nationalization.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}[[File:Calle Tiraspol.jpg|thumb|A trolleybus in Tiraspol painted in the colours of the [[Flag of Transnistria|Transnistrian flag]] ]]

On 2 September 1990, Tiraspol was proclaimed the capital of the new [[Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. The new republic was not officially recognized by Soviet authorities; however, it received support from some important Soviet leaders, such as [[Anatoly Lukyanov]].{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the territory east of the Dniester River declared independence as the [[Transnistria|Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic]] (PMR), with Tiraspol as its capital. It was not recognized by the international community.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

[[File:Helden-Denkmal Tiraspol 2012.jpg|thumb|Heroes memorial in Tiraspol (2012)]]
On 1 July 2005, the Lucian Blaga Lyceum, a high school with Romanian as its language of instruction, was registered as a Transnistrian non-governmental establishment. The registration of [[Romanian-language schools in Transnistria|six Romanian language schools]] has been the subject of negotiations with the government since 2000.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} The tension increased in the summer of 2004, when the Transnistrian authorities forcibly closed the schools that taught using the [[Latin script]]. According to the official PMR view, this is considered as [[Romanian language|Romanian]]. "[[Moldovan language|Moldovan]]", written in the [[Cyrillic script]], is one of the three official languages in the PMR; Romanian is not. Some economic measures and counter-measures were taken on both banks of the Dniester.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}}

Tensions have been seen in [[terrorist]] incidents. On 6 July 2006, an explosion, believed to be caused by a bomb, killed at least eight people in a minibus.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 July 2006 |title=Trans-Dniester Blast Kills Eight |language=en |work=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5153322.stm}}</ref> Later on 13 August, a grenade exploded in a [[trolleybus]], killing two and injuring ten.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Trolley Bus Blasted in Tiraspol Possibly in a Terror Attack |language=en |work=Regnum |url=http://www.regnum.ru/english/687961.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930230004/http://www.regnum.ru/english/687961.html |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2006 |title=New Bus Explosion in Tiraspol Leaves One Dead, Eleven Injured |language=en |work=Tiraspol Times & Weekly Review |url=http://www.tiraspoltimes.com/news/new_bus_explosion_in_tiraspol_leaves_one_dead_eleven_injured.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930025059/http://www.tiraspoltimes.com/news/new_bus_explosion_in_tiraspol_leaves_one_dead_eleven_injured.html |archive-date=2007-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2006 |title=Another Blast in Public Transport in Tiraspol |language=en |work=Moldpres News Agency |url=http://www.moldpres.md/default.asp?Lang=en&ID=47509 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928121228/http://www.moldpres.md/default.asp?Lang=en&ID=47509 |archive-date=2007-09-28}}</ref>

On 25 April 2022, during the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], [[2022 Transnistria attacks|several explosions]] were reported near the [[Ministry of State Security (Transnistria)]] in Tiraspol. Firefighters were on the scene but there were no casualties.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-705070 | title=Moldovan president holds security meeting after blasts in Transnistria | newspaper=The Jerusalem Post &#124; Jpost.com }}</ref>

On 17 March 2024, Transnistrian official press released a video allegedly<ref name=2024drone1>{{cite news|url=https://www.stiripesurse.ro/tiraspolul-insceneaza-explozii-ca-sa-infricoseze-populatia_3272311.html|title=Tiraspolul înscenează explozii ca să înfricoșeze populația|first=Radu|last=Pop|newspaper=Știri pe surse|date=26 March 2024|language=ro}}</ref> showing a [[Mil Mi-8]] helicopter in poor condition and likely not in use,<ref name=2024drone2>{{cite news|url=https://www.hotnews.ro/stiri-razboi_ucraina-26981878-video-momentul-atacului-reclamat-transnistria-drona-loveste-elicopter-scos-din-care-era-parcat-platforma.htm|title=VIDEO Momentul atacului reclamat de Transnistria: O dronă lovește un elicopter scos din uz și care era parcat pe platformă|newspaper=[[HotNews]]|date=17 March 2024|language=ro}}</ref> not having been moved in over 13 years at the moment of the explosion,<ref name=2024drone1 /> in a military unit in Tiraspol being attacked and destroyed by a kamikaze drone. No victims were reported.<ref name=2024drone2 /> Transnistria claimed the drone had been launched from Ukraine from the direction of [[Odesa]], more precisely from a bridge located {{convert|5–6|km|abbr=off}} from the nearest border crossing between Transnistria and Ukraine. Ukraine immediately denied having anything to do with the incident.<ref name=2024drone1 /> On the day of the incident, the [[Bureau for Reintegration of the Republic of Moldova]] called it an "attempt to provoke panic and fear in the region".<ref name=2024drone2 /> Later, on 25 March, the bureau confirmed the explosion of the helicopter was not caused by a drone attack but by "other factors" and that the video contained "obvious elements of video montage". In the video, the drone disappears shortly before the explosion below the helicopter occurs. Reportedly, explosives placed under the helicopter were detonated remotely instead.<ref name=2024drone1 />

On 8 January 2025, during the [[2025 Moldovan energy crisis]], a woman in Tiraspol died from [[carbon monoxide poisoning]] after using a gas water heater to shower without having a [[chimney]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://novostipmr.com/ru/news/25-01-08/chetvero-benderchan-i-tiraspolchanka-otravilis-ugarnym-gazom-ot|title=Четверо бендерчан и тираспольчанка отравились угарным газом от колонок|newspaper=Novosti Pridnestrovya|date=8 January 2025|language=ru}}</ref>