Editing Tipton County, Tennessee (section)

===Indian cultures===
[[File:Tipton Phase sites HRoe 2010.jpg|thumb|The [[Tipton phase]] and some of its associated sites]]
From about 10,000 [[Common Era|BCE]], [[Paleo-Indians]] and later [[Archaic period in the Americas|Archaic-Indians]] lived as communities of [[hunter-gatherer]]s in the area that covers the modern day [[southern United States]].<ref>
{{cite web
| url        = http://www.nps.gov/history/seac/SoutheastChronicles/NISI/NISI%20Cultural%20Overview.htm| title = Pushmataha, Choctaw Indian Chief
| access-date = February 11, 2008
| author     = Guy Prentice
| year       = 2003
| publisher  = Southeast Chronicles
}}
</ref><ref name=NuttPREHISTORY>{{cite book|editor=Charles H. McNutt|author= Smith, Gerald P.|title=Prehistory of the Central Mississippi Valley|article=The Mississippi River Drainage of Western Tennessee|year=1996|publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]]|isbn = 0-8173-0807-5|pages=97–118}}</ref> From approximately 800 [[Common Era|CE]] to 1600 CE, the [[Mississippi Delta]] was populated by tribes of the [[Mississippian culture]], a [[Mound builder (people)|mound-building]] [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] people who had developed in the late [[Woodland period|Woodland Indian]] period.<ref name=NuttPREHISTORY/><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-707 |title=History & Archaeology: Mississippian Period: Overview |access-date=December 10, 2008 |encyclopedia=The New Georgia Encyclopedia |date=October 3, 2002 |archive-date=March 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301201548/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-707 |url-status=dead }}</ref> While there were chiefdoms and centers along the Mississippi and its tributaries, their major center was at [[Cahokia]], in present-day Illinois east of [[St. Louis, Missouri]].

The [[Tipton phase]] people were a local expression of the Mississippian culture. They still inhabited the region of modern-day Tipton County during the time of first contact with Europeans, at the arrival of the Spanish [[Hernando de Soto|Hernando de Soto Expedition]]. By the end of the Mississippian period, the land was claimed and populated by the [[Chickasaw|Chickasaw tribe]].<ref>{{cite book|editor1=David H. Dye |editor2=Sheryl Ann Cox|author= Smith, Gerald P.|title=Towns and Temples Along the Mississippi|article=The Walls Phase and its Neighbors|year=1990|publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]]|isbn = 0-8173-0455-X|pages=135–169}}</ref> The exact origins of the Chickasaw are uncertain.<ref>
{{cite book
| last       = Cushman
| first      = Horatio
| title      = History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw and Natchez Indians
| year       = 1899
| publisher  = University of Oklahoma Press
| location   = [[Norman, Oklahoma|Norman]], [[Oklahoma]]
| pages      = 18–19
| chapter    = Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Natchez
| isbn       = 0-8061-3127-6
}}</ref>

In about 1800, [[European ethnic groups|Europeans]] began settling the Chickasaw-inhabited lands east of the Mississippi River. Chickasaw land in what became known as [[West Tennessee]] and southwestern [[Kentucky]] was ceded in the [[Jackson Purchase (U.S. historical region)|Jackson Purchase]]. Both states grew considerably as a result of this purchase.<ref name=KYency>{{cite web |url=http://www.utm.edu/departments/acadpro/library/departments/special_collections/wc_hist/jackpur.htm |title=Jackson Purchase |access-date=October 24, 2008 |publisher=excerpt from The Kentucky Encyclopedia edited by John E. Kleber |year=1992 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006195419/http://www.utm.edu/departments/acadpro/library/departments/special_collections/wc_hist/jackpur.htm <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=October 6, 2008 }}</ref> In 1818, both sides agreed to the transfer by signing the [[Treaty of Tuscaloosa]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=1401 |title=Treaties |access-date=February 9, 2013 |encyclopedia=Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture }}</ref> The Chickasaw were to be paid annuities for 15 years, but the United States was often late with payment, or forced the people to take the value in goods. These were often delayed or were of poor quality.