Editing Tijuana (section)

==History==
{{For timeline}}
The land was originally inhabited by the [[Kumeyaay]], a tribe of [[Yuman]]-speaking hunter-gatherers. Europeans arrived in 1542, when colonist [[Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo]] toured the coastline of the area, which [[Sebastián Vizcaíno]] mapped in 1602. In 1769, [[Juan Crespí]] documented more details about the area that was later called the Valley of Tijuana.

===19th century===
Further settlement took place near the end of the mission era when [[José María de Echeandía]], governor of the Baja California and Alta California, awarded a large land grant to [[Santiago Argüello]] in 1829. This large cattle ranch, [[Rancho Tía Juana]], covered {{convert|100|km2|sqmi|-1|abbr=on}}. Although "Tia Juana" means "Aunt Jane" in Spanish, the name was actually an adaptation of the word 'Tihuan' or 'Tijuán' in the Kumeyaay language, the name of a nearby Kumeyaay settlement and whose meaning is disputed.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/v50-1/rancho_tiajuana.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220212836/http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/v50-1/rancho_tiajuana.pdf |archive-date=2006-02-20 |url-status=live|journal=The Journal of San Diego History|title=THE RANCHO TÍA JUANA (TIJUANA) GRANT|author=Antonio Padilla Corona|access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref>

In 1848, as a result of the [[Mexican–American War]] with the United States, Mexico lost Alta California. While the majority of the 1,000 Hispanic families living in Alta California stayed on the American side, some moved south to Tijuana to remain inside Mexico, which was now in Baja California as the division between the Californias moved north in between San Diego and Tijuana. Because of this Tijuana gained a different purpose on the international border. The area had been populated by ranchers, but Tijuana developed a new social economic structure which were farming and livestock grazing, plus as a transit area for prospectors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tijuana.gob.mx/ciudad/CiudadHistoriaMinima.asp |title=Minimal History of Tijuana |author=David Pinera Ramirez |website= |access-date=20 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117131949/http://www.tijuana.gob.mx/ciudad/CiudadHistoriaMinima.asp |archive-date=17 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Urban settlement began in 1889, when descendants of Santiago Argüello and [[Agustin Olvera|Augustín Olvera]] entered an agreement to begin developing the city of Tijuana. The date of the agreement, 11 July 1889, is recognized as the founding of the city.<ref>As determined at the second Symposium of History, 1975.</ref> Tijuana saw its future in tourism from the beginning. From the late 19th century to the first few decades of the 20th century, the city attracted large numbers of Californians coming for trade and entertainment. The California land boom of the 1880s led to the first big wave of tourists, who were called "excursionists" and came looking for echoes of the famous novel ''[[Ramona]]'' by [[Helen Hunt Jackson]].

===20th century===
[[File:Tijuana in the 1920's.jpg|thumb|right|Downtown Tijuana in the 1920s]]

In 1911, during the [[Mexican Revolution]], revolutionaries claiming loyalty to [[Ricardo Flores Magón]] took over the city for shortly over a month. Federal troops then arrived. Assisted by the "defensores de Tijuana", they routed the revolutionaries, who fled north and were promptly arrested by the [[United States Army]].

The [[Panama–California Exposition]] of 1915 brought many visitors to the nearby California city of San Diego. Tijuana attracted these tourists with a ''Feria Típica Mexicana'' – Typical Mexican Fair. This included curio shops, regional food, thermal baths, horse racing and boxing.

The first professional race track opened in January 1916, just south of the border gate. It was almost immediately destroyed by the great "[[Charles Hatfield|Hatfield rainmaker]]" flood of 1916. Rebuilt in the general area, it ran horse races until the new [[Agua Caliente Racetrack|Agua Caliente]] track opened in 1929, several miles south and across the river on higher ground.

Legal drinking and gambling attracted U.S. nationals in the 1920s during [[prohibition in the United States|Prohibition]]. The [[Avenida Revolución]] area became the city's tourist center, with casinos and the Hotel Caesar's, birthplace of the [[Caesar salad]].

In 1925, the city by presidential decree changed its name to ''Ciudad Zaragoza'', but its name reverted to ''Tijuana'' in 1929.

[[File:EscuelaAlvaroObregon1930.JPG|thumb|left|[[Álvaro Obregón]] School in 1930]]

In 1928, the [[Agua Caliente Touristic Complex]] was opened, including hotel, spa, dog-track, private airport, golf course and gambling casino. A year later, the new Agua Caliente Racetrack joined the complex. During the eight years it operated, the Agua Caliente hotel, casino and spa achieved a near mythical status, with Hollywood stars and gangsters flying in and playing. [[Rita Hayworth]] was discovered there. Musical nightclub productions were broadcast over the radio. A singer known as "la Faraona" got shot in a love-triangle and gave birth to the myth of a beautiful lady ghost. Remnants of the Agua Caliente casino can be seen in the outdoor swimming pool and the "minarete" (actually a former incinerator chimney) nearby the southern end of Avenida Sanchez Taboada, on the grounds of what is now the Lázaro Cárdenas educational complex. A replica of the iconic bell tower (which once stood at the resort entrance) now stands at the beginning of Boulevard Agua Caliente, about two miles west of the old resort.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Curry|first=Maria E|date=May–June 2020|title=Replica for an Agua Caliente's still-standing monument in Tijuana creates controversy|url=http://www.sohosandiego.org/enews/0520mariatower.htm|website=Save Our Heritage Organisation}}</ref>

In 1935, President Cárdenas decreed an end to gambling and casinos in Baja California, and the Agua Caliente complex faltered, then closed. In 1939, it was reopened as a junior high school (now, Preparatoria Lázaro Cárdenas). The buildings themselves were torn down in the 1970s and replaced by modern scholastic architecture.

[[File:Agua Caliente Tower, Tijuana 1951 (34996773976) (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Agua Caliente Casino and Hotel|Agua Caliente Casino]] in 1951]]

With increased tourism and a large number of Mexican citizens relocating to Tijuana, the city's population grew from 21,971 to 65,364 between 1940 and 1950. With the decline of nightlife and tourism in the 1950s, the city restructured its tourist industry, by promoting a more family-oriented scene. Tijuana developed a greater variety of attractions and activities to offer its visitors.

In 1965, the Mexican federal government launched the Border Industrialization Program to attract foreign investment. Tijuana and other border cities became attractive for foreign companies to open [[maquiladoras]] (factories),<ref>''The Human Race: Escaping From History''. Employee turnover is also relatively high, p. 52.</ref> and the Tijuana economy started to diversify. Manufacturing jobs attracted workers from other parts of Mexico and the city's population grew from less than half a million in 1980 to almost 1 million in 1985.

In 1972, work began on the first [[Channelization (rivers)|concrete channeling]] of the [[Tijuana River]]; previously the river would flood across a wide plain east and southeast of downtown, inundating an area of cardboard and metal shacks called ''Cartolandia'' (“Paperland”). The project removed the shacks and added 1.8 million sq. m. of usable land, on which the [[Zona Río]] was built. With the 1981 opening of the [[Plaza Río Tijuana]] mall and the 1982 [[Tijuana Cultural Center]] (CECUT), Zona Río became the new commercial center of a modern Tijuana, and with its new boulevards with monument-filled ''glorietas'' (roundabouts), reminiscent of the grand [[Paseo de la Reforma]] in Mexico City, the city created the new image and allure of a modern, large city, rather than just a border town focused on tourism and vice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.el-mexicano.com.mx/informacion/suplementos/2/40/identidad/2011/01/23/450718/historia-de-las-inundaciones-en-tijuana |title=2011-01-23 - Historia de las inundaciones en Tijuana |website=www.el-mexicano.com.mx |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930061214/http://www.el-mexicano.com.mx/informacion/suplementos/2/40/identidad/2011/01/23/450718/historia-de-las-inundaciones-en-tijuana |archive-date=30 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.sandiegoreader.com/news/2000/mar/09/feature-tijuana-aztec-high-tech/|title=Tijuana architecture: from Aztec to high tech|website=M.sandiegoreader.com|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302090523/https://m.sandiegoreader.com/news/2000/mar/09/feature-tijuana-aztec-high-tech/|archive-date=2 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1994, [[Institutional Revolutionary Party|PRI]] presidential candidate [[Luis Donaldo Colosio]] was assassinated in Tijuana while making an appearance in the plaza of Lomas Taurinas, a neighborhood nestled in a valley near Centro. The shooter was caught and imprisoned, but doubts remain about who the mastermind might have been.

===21st century===
[[File:CLUB CAMPESTRE - panoramio (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|The number of skyscrapers and high rises in Tijuana has grown significantly in the 21st century.]]
After [[9/11]], tighter US border controls resulted in hours-long waits to return to the US. The number of US visitors dropped sharply due to this factor, as well as subsequent drug violence.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ViMUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|title=Run for the Border: Vice and Virtue in U.S.-Mexico Border Crossings|first=Steven|last=Bender|date=13 May 2012|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=9780814789520|via=Google Books|access-date=1 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331052437/https://books.google.com/books?id=ViMUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|archive-date=31 March 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

Around 2008, thousands of Tijuana's elite bought houses in and moved to [[Bonita, California|Bonita]] and Eastlake in [[Chula Vista, California]], to escape violence, kidnapping and other crimes taking place during that period. An article in ''[[The Los Angeles Times]]'' reported that the emigration to [[San Diego County, California|San Diego County]] has transformed the demographic and cultural character of some cities to a degree.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Marosi |first1=Richard |title=U.S. a haven for Tijuana elite |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jun-07-me-exodus7-story.html |access-date=19 December 2019 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=7 June 2008}}</ref>

In recent years, Tijuana has become an important city of commerce and migration for Mexico and US. In spite of the violence and border crossing issues, the city has received a large number of tourists from US, China, Japan and the south of Mexico. Thanks to the realization of cultural and business festivals, the city has improved its image before the world, standing out as a competitive city for investment. Currently, the commercial and business sector is committed to the boom in the gastronomic industry, craft beer, entertainment, and real estate, as well as medical tourism, to attract visitors and investors.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}