Editing Tianjin (section)

==History==

=== Early history ===
The land where Tianjin is now located was created in between 900 and 1300 CE by the sediments of rivers entering the sea at the [[Bohai Gulf]], including the Yellow River, which entered the open sea in the area at one time. The construction of the [[Grand Canal (China)|Grand Canal]] under the [[Sui dynasty]] helped the future development of Tianjin, as the canal ran from [[Hangzhou]] to the [[Beijing]] and Tianjin region by 609 CE. Grain from southern China was regularly transported to the north through the canal and was used during the subsequent dynasties. Tianjin began to be increasingly mentioned in records during the [[Song dynasty]] and gained importance during the [[Yuan dynasty]]. Tianjin experienced development under the Yuan and became a location for the storage of goods and grains. Tianjin became a garrison town and shipping station during the [[Ming dynasty]]; it was a center of commerce by the 17th century.<ref>{{Cite book|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|year=1996|isbn=1-884964-04-4|editor-last=Schellinger|editor-first=Paul|location=Chicago|pages=813|editor-last2=Salkin|editor-first2=Robert}}</ref>

===Qing dynasty===

During the [[Qing dynasty]] (1644{{ndash}}1911), the Tianjin [[Zhou (country subdivision)|Prefecture]], or ''Zhou'' ({{lang|zh-hant|{{linktext|州}}}}), was established in 1725, and Tianjin County was established within the prefecture in 1731. Later, it became an [[Fu (administrative division)|urban prefecture]] or ''Fu'' ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|府}}}}), before becoming a relay station ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|駐|地}}}}) under the command of the [[Viceroy of Zhili]].

[[File:Tianjin 20051107.jpg|thumb|1913 map of Tianjin]]

===Opening up as a treaty port===
{{See also|Concessions in Tianjin}}
In 1856, Chinese soldiers boarded ''The Arrow'', a Chinese-owned ship registered in Hong Kong that flew the British flag and which was suspected of piracy, smuggling, and involvement in the opium trade. The soldiers captured twelve men and imprisoned them. In response, the British and French sent gunboats under the command of [[Michael Seymour (Royal Navy officer)|Admiral Sir Michael Seymour]] to capture the [[Taku forts]] near Tianjin in May 1858. At the end of the first part of the [[Second Opium War]] in June of the same year, the British and French prevailed, and the [[Treaty of Tientsin]] was signed, which opened Tianjin (Tientsin) to foreign trade. The treaties were ratified by the [[Xianfeng Emperor]] in 1860, so Tianjin was formally opened to Great Britain and France and thus to the outside world. Between 1895 and 1900, Britain and France were joined by Japan, Germany and [[Russia]], and some countries without Chinese [[concession (territory)|concessions]], such as [[Austria-Hungary]], Italy and [[Belgium]], in establishing self-contained [[concessions in Tianjin]], each with its own prisons, schools, barracks and hospitals.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1017/S0018246X15000461|title=Italy's Informal Imperialism in Tianjin During the Liberal Epoch, 1902–1922|journal=The Historical Journal|volume=59|issue=2|pages=447–468|date=June 2016|last1=Donati|first1=Sabina|s2cid=163536150}}</ref> These nations left architectural reminders of their rule, which include churches and thousands of villas.

[[File:望海楼教堂.jpg|thumb|right|Church of Our Lady's Victories, built in 1869, was the site of the [[Tientsin massacre|Tianjin Church Massacre]].]]
The presence of foreign influence in Tianjin was not always peaceful; one violent incident was that of the [[Tientsin massacre|Tianjin Church Massacre]]. In June 1870, the orphanage held by the Wanghailou Church (translated as Church Our Lady's Victories{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}) in Tianjin, which built by French [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Tianjin|Roman Catholic missionaries]], was accused of kidnapping and brainwashing Chinese children. On June 21, the [[magistrate]] of Tianjin County initiated a conflict at the church that developed into violent clashes between the church's Christian supporters and some non-Christian Tianjin residents. The protesters eventually burned down Wanghailou Church and the nearby French consulate, killing eighteen foreigners, including ten French nuns, the French consul, and merchants. France and six other Western nations complained to the Qing government, which was forced to pay compensation for the incident.
[[File:天津海河望南方向.jpg|left|thumb|Tianjin Haihe River]]
In 1885, Li Hongzhang founded the Tianjin Military Academy ({{lang-zh|labels=no|t=天津武備學堂}}) for Chinese army officers with German advisors as a part of his military reforms.<ref name="Fairbank1978">{{cite book|author=John King Fairbank|title=The Cambridge History of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&q=Liu+Chin-t%27ang%27s+big+German+guns+Pai+Yen-hu+without+resistance|year=1978|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-22029-3|access-date=August 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821143754/https://books.google.com/books?id=pEfWaxPhdnIC&q=Liu+Chin-t%27ang%27s+big+German+guns+Pai+Yen-hu+without+resistance#v=snippet&q=wu-pei%20hsueh-t'ang%201885%20tardy&f=false|archive-date=August 21, 2016|url-status=live}}{{rp|266–267}}</ref> The academy's founding was supported by the [[Huai Army|Anhui Army]] commander Zhou Shengchuan.<ref name="Fairbank1978" />{{rp|267}} The academy was to serve the Anhui Army and the [[Green Standard Army]] officers. The instructors were German officers.<ref name="Fairbank1978" />{{rp|267}} In 1887, the academy started a program to train teenagers to become army officers; the program continued for five years.<ref name="Fairbank1978" />{{rp|268}} Practical and technical subjects including sciences, foreign languages, Chinese literature, mathematics, and history were taught at the school and exams were administered to students. The lessons taught at the Tianjin Military Academy were copied for the Weihaiwei and Shanhaiguan military schools.<ref name="Fairbank1978" />{{rp|268}} A maritime defense fund supplied the budget for the Tianjin Military Academy, which was located in the same area as the Tianjin Naval Academy.<ref name="Fairbank1978" />{{rp|268}} In 1886, the Tianjin Military Academy adopted ''[[Romance of the Three Kingdoms]]'' as part of its curriculum.<ref name="Ph.D.Vittinghoff2004">{{cite book|author1=Michael Lackner, Ph.D.|author2=Natascha Vittinghoff|title=Mapping Meanings: The Field of New Learning in Late Qing China; &#91;International Conference "Translating Western Knowledge Into Late Imperial China", 1999, Göttingen University&#93;|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGMWzOfJOTIC&q=six+maxims+taizu+kangxi&pg=PA269|date=January 2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-13919-0|pages=269–}}</ref> Among its alumni were [[Wang Yingkai]] and [[Duan Qirui]]; its staff included [[Yinchang]].

[[File:Main Building of Peiyang University since 1903.jpg|thumb|[[Peiyang University]], established 1895]]
In June 1900, the [[Boxer Rebellion|Boxers]] were able to seize control of parts of Tianjin. On June 26, European defense forces heading towards Beijing were stopped by Boxers at nearby [[Langfang]]; they were defeated and forced to turn back to Tianjin. The foreign concessions were also under siege for several weeks.

[[File:东莱银行大楼.jpg|thumb|left|Tung Lai Bank building on Heping Road, built in 1930]]

In July 1900, the [[Eight-Nation Alliance]] [[Battle of Tientsin|recaptured Tianjin]]. This alliance soon established the Tianjin Provisional Government, which was composed of representatives from each of the occupying forces (Russia, Britain, Japan, Germany, France, America, Austro-Hungary, and Italy). The city was governed by this council until August 15, 1902, when the city was returned to Qing control. Qing General [[Yuan Shikai]] led efforts to transform Tianjin into a modern city, establishing the first modern Chinese police force. In 1907, Yuan supervised China's first modern democratic elections for a county council.

[[File:1930年代天津法租界杜总领事路与福煦将军路交叉路口.jpg|thumb|right|Major crossing (Rue Général Foch and Rue de Chaylard) of downtown Tianjin in French concession]]

[[Western world|Western nations]] were permitted to garrison the area to ensure open access to Beijing. The British maintained a brigade of two battalions in Tianjin, and the Italians, French, Japanese, Germans, Russians, and Austro-Hungarians maintained their forces using strength regiments; the United States did not initially participate. During [[World War I]], the German and Austro-Hungarian garrisons were captured as [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] by [[Allies of World War I|Allied Forces]]; meanwhile, in 1918, the Bolshevik government withdrew the Russian garrison. In 1920, the remaining participating nations asked the United States to join them, and the US then sent the [[15th Infantry Regiment (United States)|15th Infantry Regiment]], minus one battalion, to Tianjin from the Philippines.

Because of the development of industry, commerce and finance in the city, Tianjin was established as a [[Direct-administered municipalities of China|municipality]] of China in 1927. From 1930 to 1935, Tianjin was the provincial capital of [[Hebei]]; afterwards, it was reestablished as an independent municipality.

Garrison duty was highly regarded by the troops. General [[George Marshall|George C. Marshall]], the "architect of victory" in World War II, during which he was the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army]], served in Tianjin in the 1920s as the Executive Officer of the 15th Infantry. The US withdrew the infantry unit in 1938, but the nation's presence was maintained by the dispatch of a small US Marine Corps unit from the Embassy Guard at Beijing.

[[File:1939年天津水灾时的旭街.jpg|thumb|Asahi Street (now Heping Road) in 1939 Tianjin flood]]

===Second Sino-Japanese War===
On July 30, 1937, during the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]], Tianjin fell to Japan, but was not entirely occupied, as the Japanese generally respected [[Concessions in Tianjin|foreign concessions]] until 1941, when [[Concessions in Tianjin|American and British concessions]] were occupied. In the summer of 1939, the [[Tientsin Incident]] damaged Anglo-Japanese relations. On June 14, 1939, the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] surrounded and blockaded a British concession due to the refusal of British authorities to transfer six Chinese people, who had assassinated a Japanese collaborator and taken refuge in the British concession, to be under Japan's authority. For a time, the events of 1939 appeared likely to cause an Anglo-Japanese war, especially when reports of the Japanese Army mistreating British subjects wishing to leave or enter the concession appeared in British newspapers. The situation ended when British Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] was advised by the [[Royal Navy]] and the Foreign Office that the only way to force the Japanese to lift the blockade was to send the main British battle fleet to Far Eastern waters, and that given the situation in Europe, it would be inappropriate to send the British fleet out of European waters, thus leading the British to finally turn over the six Chinese people, who were then executed by the Japanese. During the Japanese occupation, Tianjin was ruled by the [[Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)|North China Executive Committee]], a [[puppet state]] based in Beijing.

On August 9, 1940, all of the British troops in Tianjin were ordered to withdraw. On November 14, 1941, the American [[United States Marine Corps|Marine]] unit stationed in Tianjin was ordered to leave, but before it left, the Japanese [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked the United States]]. The American Marine detachment surrendered to the Japanese on December 8, 1941. Only the Italian and French concessions (the local French officials were loyal to [[Vichy France|Vichy]]) were allowed by the Japanese to remain. When Italy signed an [[Armistice of Cassibile|armistice]] with the Allies in September 1943, Japanese troops took the Italian concession, following a battle with its garrison, and the [[Italian Social Republic]] formally ceded the concession to [[Wang Jingwei]]'s Japan-controlled [[Reorganized National Government of China|puppet state]]. Japanese occupation of the city lasted until August 15, 1945, with the surrender of Japan marking the end of World War II.

===After World War II===
[[File:China 10th Anniversary Parade in Tianjin.jpg|thumb|P.R.China's 10th anniversary parade in Tianjin in 1959]]
In the [[Pingjin Campaign]] of the Chinese Civil War, the city was captured after 29 hours of fighting. The [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) took Tianjin on January 15, 1949.

From 1949 to February 1958, Tianjin was a municipality directly under the control of the central government. In October 1952, [[Tianjin Port|Tanggu New Port]] officially opened its doors, and the first 10,000-ton ferry arrived at Newport Pier. In February 1958, due to the "Great Leap Forward" and the city's industrial foundation, Tianjin was incorporated into [[Hebei|Hebei Province]], the capital of which was relocated to Tianjin for eight years. During the period, under the coordination of the State Council, the city of Tianjin implemented a separate policy for central planning, which was independent of Hebei Province. However, a number of factories and colleges in Tianjin moved to Hebei, hindering Tianjin's economic development. In January 1967, due to preparation and concerns that Tianjin would become a battlefield, Hebei Province repatriated its provincial capital to Baoding, and the [[Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|CCP Central Committee]] decided that Tianjin should be restored to the central municipality and remain so. In April 1970, since the central government had applied for funding for the construction of the subway, the Tianjin Municipal Government decided to raise funds on its own to establish the project using the name of the channel and by build it on the basis of the old walled river. In July 1973, five counties, including Jixian, Baodi, Wuqing, Jinghai, and Ninghe, were formally placed under the jurisdiction of Tianjin.
[[File:炫彩津门11Tianjin Eye and Haihe River.jpg|thumb|left|Luanhe hydraulic engineering monument and [[Tianjin Eye]]]]

On July 28, 1976, during the 7.6 magnitude [[1976 Tangshan earthquake|Tangshan Earthquake]], Tianjin was affected by shock waves and experienced a loss of life. In the city, 24,345 people died and 21,497 were seriously injured. 60% of the city's buildings were destroyed and more than 30% of the enterprises and Peking Port Reservoir and Yuqiao Reservoir were seriously damaged. Nearly 700,000 people were left homeless. On October 10 of the same year, the Tianjin Underground Railway was opened to traffic. In 1981, Miyun Reservoir was built on the upper reaches of the Hai River; it is now used to supply water for Beijing; however; the reservoir stopped the river from supplying water to Tianjin, resulting in difficulty with water usage in the city. As a result, during 1976, the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]] decided to initiate a project to solve the problem of water usage in Tianjin by attracting individuals to the city's academic centers.

[[File:邓小平题开发区大有希望的天津泰达垦荒犁.jpg|thumb|Monument of TEDA]]
In 1984, during the beginning of the Chinese government's economic reforms, Tianjin was listed as one of the 14 coastal open cities by the State Council and the [[Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area|Tianjin Development Zone]]'s economy began to develop. However, the overall speed of development in Tianjin is still slower than that of [[special economic zone]]s and that of other southeast coastal areas. In 1994, Tianjin began its industrial shift towards the east and developed the [[Binhai|Binhai New Area]], with the [[Port of Tianjin|Tianjin Port]] as its core. In October 2005, the [[16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CCP Central Committee]] convened; its meeting decided to incorporate the development and opening of the [[Binhai New Area]] into its [[Eleventh five-year plan (China)|Eleventh Five-Year Plan]] and the national development strategy. In March 2006, the State Council executive meeting positioned Tianjin as an "international port city, a northern economic center, and an ecological city." Since then, the dispute between the Beijing-Tianjin economic center at the policy level has come to an end. In May 2006, the State Council approved the Binhai New Area as a national integrated reform pilot area. In June of the same year, the State Council's Opinions on Promoting the Development and Opening of the Tianjin Binhai New Area were announced; they stated the following: "In financial enterprises, financial services, financial markets, and finance Major reforms such as opening up can, in principle, be scheduled to precede the Tianjin Binhai New Area."
[[File:京津城际铁路-天津北站.jpg|thumb| [[Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway]]]]
In August 2008, China's first [[high-speed railway]], the [[Beijing-Tianjin Intercity Railway]], which has a speed of 350 kilometers per hour, was opened. In August 2008, Tianjin was the co-host city of the [[2008 Summer Olympics|29th Olympic Games]]. In September 2008, the Annual Meeting of the New Champions of [[World Economic Forum]] (also called [[Summer Davos]]) began to be established in Tianjin; it is now held every two years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/business/222969.htm |title=World Economic Forum: The Inaugural Annual Meeting of the New Champions |publisher=China.org |access-date=August 29, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923232350/http://www.china.org.cn/english/business/222969.htm |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |url-status=live  }}</ref> In October 2010, the UN Climate Change Conference convened in Tianjin.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/04/china.climate.talks/index.html?hpt=T2 |title=Global climate talks kick off in China |publisher=CNN |access-date=March 15, 2011 |date=October 4, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108184048/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/10/04/china.climate.talks/index.html?hpt=T2 |archive-date=November 8, 2012 |url-status=live  }}</ref> In 2012, the [[Tianjin Metro]] Lines 2, 3, and 9 were completed and open to traffic, and Tianjin Rail Transit was formally networked.

In October 2013, Tianjin hosted an international comprehensive event for the first time by hosting the [[East Asian Games]]. In 2014, the coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei was officially incorporated into the national strategy; Tianjin was positioned as the National Advanced Manufacturing R&D Base, Northern International Shipping Core Area, Financial Innovation Operation Demonstration Area, and Reform and Opening-up Preceding Area. In the same year, the first phase of the [[South–North Water Transfer Project|South-to-North Water Transfer Project]] was completed, so water availability in Tianjin increased. On February 26, 2015, the Tianjin National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone was formally established. On April 21, the China (Tianjin) Free Trade Pilot Zone was also formally established. On April 27, [[Jincheng Group|Jincheng Bank]], the first private bank in northern China, officially opened its doors.

On August 12, 2015, a [[2015 Tianjin explosions|fire and explosion]] occurred in a [[chemical]] warehouse in [[Tianjin Port]], causing 173 deaths, hundreds of injuries, and property losses.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-33896292|title=China blasts: Casualties as Tianjin warehouse blows up|work=BBC News|date=August 13, 2015|access-date=June 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718135259/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-33896292|archive-date=July 18, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>The cost to businesses caused by the explosion was estimated to be $9 billion, making it the most expensive supply chain disruption of 2015.

Tianjin will host the [[SCO Tianjin Summit 2025]].<ref>{{cite web |title=王毅：中国将在天津主办上海合作组织2025年峰会 [Wang Yi: China will host the SCO Summit in Tianjin 2025] |url=https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/wjbzhd/202503/t20250307_11570155.shtml |website=中华人民共和国外交部网站 [Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China] |accessdate=2025-03-13 |date=2025-03-07}}</ref>

{{wide image|Jinwan Plaza, Haihe River, Tianjin.jpg|900px|Panorama of Hai River||alt=Tianjin Haihe Jinwan Plaza}}