Editing Thomas Robert Bugeaud (section)

==July monarchy==
He spent the fifteen years after the fall of Napoleon without employment, returning to agriculture and developing his home district of Périgord. 

The [[July Revolution]] of 1830 reopened his military career, and after a short tenure of regimental command he was in 1831 promoted brigadier-general (''maréchal de camp''). In the same year, he was elected to the French parliament's lower house, the [[Chamber of Deputies (France)|Chamber of Deputies]], where he showed himself to be an inflexible opponent of [[democracy]]. In his military capacity, he was noted for his severity in suppressing riots. His conduct as gaoler of the [[Princess Caroline of Naples and Sicily|Duchess of Berry]] led to a duel between Bugeaud and the deputy Dulong[<nowiki/>[[:fr:François-Charles_Dulong|Fr]]] in which the latter was killed (1834); this affair, and the heavy-handed suppression of a further riot, exposed Bugeaud to ceaseless attacks in the Chamber and in the press, though his opinion was sought by all parties in matters connected with agriculture and industrial development. He was re-elected in 1834, 1837, and 1839.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sullivan|first=Anthony Thrall|title=Thomas-Robert Bugeaud. France and Algeria, 1784-1849|publisher=Archon Books|year=1983|page=36}}</ref><ref name="EB1911" />

===Algeria===
Although he initially disapproved of the conquest of Algeria, his undeviating adherence to [[Louis-Philippe of France|Louis Philippe]] brought him into agreement with the government. He embarked on a campaign to win the swift, complete, and lasting subjugation of Algeria. He was sent to [[Africa]] with orders from Paris to bring the war in western Algeria to a satisfactory conclusion,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roughton |first=Richard A. |date=1985-05-01 |title=Economic Motives and French Imperialism: The 1837 Tafna Treaty as a Case Study |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1540-6563.1985.tb00667.x |journal=The Historian |language=en |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=360–381 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-6563.1985.tb00667.x |issn=0018-2370}}</ref> wherein he proceeded to initiate his war of [[flying column]]s. He won his first victory on [[Battle of Sikkak|6 July 1836]] against an army of 10,000 regular and tribal warriors of Abd al-Qadir, and returned home with the rank of lieutenant-general. In the following year, he signed the [[Treaty of Tafna]] (30 May 1837), with [[Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri|Abd al-Qadir]], which led to attacks upon him in the [[National Assembly (France)|chamber]], to the refutation of which Bugeaud devoted himself in 1839.<ref name="EB1911"/> Historian [[James McDougall (academic)|James McDougall]] argues in his ''History of Algeria'' that the treaty accomplished little for the French noting that Bugeaud by his own invention styled the amir a 'great vassal of France' and while tribute was initially requested Bugeaud dropped this only securing concessions that Algerian trade would occur only in French held ports, however this provision was flouted by French and Algerian traders alike.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=McDougall |first=J |title=History of Algeria |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9781139029230 |edition=1 |pages=}}</ref> 

There is also controversy about the language Bugeaud inserted into the differing versions of the treaty, in French article one read that Abd al-Qadir ‘recognised the sovereignty of France in Africa’. The Arabic text instead read that "the amir ‘is aware of the rule of French power" (ya‘rifu hukm saltanat firansa) in Africa’. McDougall argues on the basis of Abd al-Qadir's letters to Bugeaud negotiating the treaty that it cannot have been a translation error and the differing meaning of the texts constitutes duplicity on Bugeaud's part.<ref name=":0" />

[[File:Vernet - Bataille d'Isly - 1846.jpg|thumb|''[[Battle of Isly]]'', propaganda oil painting by [[Horace Vernet]].]]In addition to the public contents of the treaty Bugeaud and Abdelkader came to a number of private agreements in addition to the final treaties text. Bugeaud promised the emir modern weapons, to through French force of arms relocate the Dawa’ir and Zmala tribes away from Abd al-Qadirs domain and to exile from Algeria of their chiefs for which Bugeaud received a cash payment which he utilised to support his political career in France spending it to fund roadworks in his constituency.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Marshal thomas bugeaud.jpg|thumb|Bugeaud entering the Moroccan camp after Isly, oil painting by Horace Vernet]]
The treaty allowed the French space to prioritise other threats to their control over Algeria, and avenge General [[Bertrand Clauzel|Clauzel's]] [[Battle of Constantine|failure]] to subdue the [[Beylik of Constantine]]. Following the death of [[Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont|General Damrémont]], at the subsequent years successful [[siege of Constantine]], and the retirement due to ill health of [[Sylvain Charles Valée|Marshal Valée]] in 1840, Bugeaud was nominated governor-general of Algeria. 

Early in 1841 he put his system of flying columns, a controversial but successful tactic known as "[[Razzia (military)|Razzia]]" into effecr.<ref>Thomas Rid, [https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546550903153449 Razzia. A Turning point in Modern Strategy], Terrorism and Political Violence, Vol 21, Iss 4, p. 617-635</ref> His swiftness and energy drove back the forces of Abd al-Qadir from place to place, while the devotion of the [[wikt:rank and file|rank and file]] to "Père Bugeaud" enabled him to carry all before him in action.<ref>[[Douglas Porch]], "Bugeard, Galliéni, Lyautey: The Development of French Colonial Warfare", in Peter Paret (ed.), in: Makers of Modern Strategy, p. 376-407, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986</ref> In 1842, he secured the French positions by undertaking the construction of roads. In 1843, Bugeaud was made [[marshal of France]], and in this and the following year he continued his operations with unvarying success. His great victory of [[Battle of Isly|Isly]] on 14 August 1844 defeated a Moroccan army that attempted to intervene in Algeria so decisively that effectively a civil war broke out between the Moroccans and Abd al-Qadir and won him the title of [[duke]].<ref name="EB1911" />

In 1845, however, he had to take the field again in consequence of the disaster of [[Battle of Sidi Brahim|Sidi Brahim]] (22 September 1845), and up to his final retirement from Algeria (July 1846) he was almost constantly employed in the field, by ordering in February 1846 to General [[Jean-François Gentil]] to organize the second campaign against the rebels of [[Kabylia]]. His resignation was due to differences with the home government on the question of the future government of the province. Amidst his other activities he had found time to study the agricultural characteristics of the conquered country, and under his régime the number of French colonists had grown from 17,000 to 100,000.