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===Text and commentaries=== ''The Art of War'' is traditionally attributed to an ancient Chinese military general known as [[Sun Tzu]] ([[pinyin]]: {{tlit|zh|Sūnzǐ}}), meaning 'Master Sun'. Sun Tzu is said to have lived in the 6th century BC, but the earliest parts of ''The Art of War'' probably date to at least 100 years later.{{sfnp|Lewis|1999|p=604}} [[Sima Qian]]'s ''[[Shiji]]'', the first of China's ''[[Twenty-Four Histories]]'', records an early Chinese tradition that a text on military matters was written by one Sun Wu ({{lang|zh|孫武}}) from the [[state of Qi]], and that this text had been read and studied by [[King Helü of Wu]] ({{reign|514|495 BC}}).{{sfnp|Gawlikowski|Loewe|1993|p=447}} This text was traditionally identified with the received ''Master Sun's Art of War''. The conventional view was that Sun Wu was a military theorist from the end of the [[Spring and Autumn period]] (776–471 BC) who fled Qi to the southeastern [[state of Wu]], where he is said to have impressed the king with his ability to quickly train officials, including court women, in military discipline—and to have made Wu's armies powerful enough to challenge the rival [[state of Chu]] to Wu's west. This view is still widely held in China.{{sfnp|Mair|2007|pp=12–13}} The strategist and warlord [[Cao Cao]] in the early 3rd century AD authored the earliest known commentary to the ''Art of War''.{{sfnp|Gawlikowski|Loewe|1993|p=447}} Cao's preface makes clear that he edited the text and removed certain passages, but the extent of his changes were unclear historically.{{sfnp|Gawlikowski|Loewe|1993|p=447}} ''The Art of War'' appears throughout the bibliographical catalogs of the Chinese dynastic histories, but listings of its divisions and size varied widely.{{sfnp|Gawlikowski|Loewe|1993|p=447}}
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