Editing Tevatron (section)

==Mechanics==

The acceleration occurred in a number of stages. The first stage was the 750 [[keV]] ''[[Cockcroft–Walton generator|Cockcroft–Walton]]'' pre-accelerator, which [[ionize]]d [[hydrogen]] gas and accelerated the negative ions created using a positive [[voltage]]. The ions then passed into the 150 [[meter]] long [[linear accelerator]] (linac) which used oscillating electrical fields to accelerate the ions to 400 [[MeV]]. The ions then passed through a carbon foil, to remove the [[electron]]s, and the charged [[proton]]s then moved into the ''Booster''.<ref>
{{cite web
| title       = Accelerators—Fermilab's Chain of Accelerators
| url         = http://www.fnal.gov/pub/inquiring/physics/accelerators/chainaccel.html
| date        = 15 January 2002
| publisher   = [[Fermilab]]
| access-date  = 2 December 2009
}}</ref>

The Booster was a small circular synchrotron, around which the protons passed up to 20,000 times to attain an energy of around 8 [[GeV]]. From the Booster the particles were fed into the Main Injector, which had been completed in 1999 to perform a number of tasks. It could accelerate protons up to 150 GeV;  produce 120 GeV protons for antiproton creation; increase antiproton energy to 150 GeV; and inject protons or antiprotons into the Tevatron. The antiprotons were created by the ''Antiproton Source''.  120 GeV protons were collided with a nickel target producing a range of particles including antiprotons which could be collected and stored in the accumulator ring. The ring could then pass the antiprotons to the Main Injector.

The Tevatron could accelerate the particles from the Main Injector up to 980 GeV. The protons and antiprotons were accelerated in opposite directions, crossing paths in the [[Collider Detector at Fermilab|CDF]] and [[D0 Experiment|DØ]] detectors to collide at 1.96 TeV. To hold the particles on track the Tevatron used 774 [[niobium–titanium]] [[superconductor|superconducting]] [[Dipole magnet|dipole]] [[magnet]]s cooled in liquid [[helium]] producing the field strength of 4.2 [[tesla (unit)|tesla]]. The field ramped over about 20 seconds as the particles accelerated. Another 240 [[Niobium–titanium|NbTi]] [[quadrupole]] magnets were used to focus the beam.<ref name="TheTev"/>

The initial design [[Luminosity_(scattering_theory)|luminosity]] of the Tevatron was 10<sup>30</sup> cm<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, however, following upgrades, the accelerator had been able to deliver luminosities up to 4{{e|32}}&nbsp;cm<sup>−2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>.<ref>[http://www-ppd.fnal.gov/EPPOffice-W/colloq/Abstracts/Peoples_3_10_10.htm The TeVatron Collider: A Thirty-Year Campaign] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527092615/http://www-ppd.fnal.gov/EPPOffice-W/colloq/Abstracts/Peoples_3_10_10.htm |date=2010-05-27 }}</ref>

On September 27, 1993, the [[cryogenic]] cooling system of the Tevatron Accelerator was named an [[List of Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmarks|International Historic Landmark]] by the [[American Society of Mechanical Engineers]]. The system, which provided cryogenic liquid helium to the Tevatron's superconducting magnets, was the largest low-temperature system in existence upon its completion in 1978. It kept the coils of the magnets, which bent and focused the particle beam, in a superconducting state, so that they consumed only ⅓ of the power they would have required at normal temperatures.<ref name="TevCryo">
{{Cite journal

| title = The Fermilab Tevatron Cryogenic Cooling System
| url = http://www.asme.org/getmedia/54536aae-9831-4a29-aabc-55b93beba1a4/169-Cryogenic-Cooling-System-Fermilab-Tevatron.aspx
| year = 1993
| publisher = [[ASME]]
| access-date=2015-08-12
}}</ref>