Editing Terrorism (section)

=== Etymology ===
{{See also|Reign of Terror}}

[[File:JacobinVignette03.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Seal of the [[Jacobin]] Club]]
The term "terrorism" itself was originally used to describe the actions of the [[Jacobin Club]] during the "[[Reign of Terror]]" in the [[French Revolution]]. "Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible", said Jacobin leader [[Maximilien Robespierre]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bienvenu |first1=Richard |title=THE NINTH OF THERMIDOR {{!}} THE FALL OF ROBESPIERRE |date=January 1, 1968 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=9780196806198 |pages=30–50}}</ref> In 1795, [[Edmund Burke]] denounced the Jacobins for letting "thousands of those hell-hounds called Terrorists&nbsp;... loose on the people" of France.<ref>[[Edmund Burke]] – To The Earl Fitzwilliam (Christmas, 1795.) In: Edmund Burke, ''Select Works of Edmund Burke, vol. 3 (Letters on a Regicide Peace)'' (1795).<br/>This Internet version contains two, mingled, indications of page numbers: one with single brackets like [260], one with double brackets like [ [309] ]. Burke lengthily introduces his view on 'this present [[French Directory|Directory government]]', and then writes on page [359]: "Those who arbitrarily erected the new building out of the old materials of their own [[National Convention|Convention]], were obliged to send for an Army to support their work. (...) At length, after a terrible struggle, the Troops prevailed over the Citizens. (...) This power is to last as long as the Parisians think proper. (...) [315] To secure them further, they have a strong corps of [[irregular military|irregulars]], ready armed. Thousands of those Hell-hounds called Terrorists, whom they had shut up in Prison on their last Revolution, as the Satellites of Tyranny, are let loose on the people. (...)"</ref> [[John Calvin]]'s rule over Geneva in the 16th century has also been described as a reign of terror.<ref name="de Niet Paul 2009 p. 275">{{cite book | last1=de Niet | first1=J. | last2=Paul | first2=H. | title=Sober, Strict, and Scriptural: Collective Memories of John Calvin, 1800-2000 | publisher=Brill | series=Brill's Series in Church History | year=2009 | isbn=978-90-474-2770-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBuwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA275 | access-date=October 21, 2022 | page=275 | archive-date=October 21, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021161414/https://books.google.com/books?id=cBuwCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA275 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Oechsli Paul Paul 1922 p. 166">{{cite book | last1=Oechsli | first1=W. | last2=Paul | first2=E. | last3=Paul | first3=C. | title=History of Switzerland, 1499-1914 | publisher=The University Press | series=Cambridge historical series | year=1922 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oS1pAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA166 | access-date=October 21, 2022 | page=166 | archive-date=October 21, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021161414/https://books.google.com/books?id=oS1pAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA166 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Association of American Law Schools 1916 p. 297">{{cite book | author=Association of American Law Schools | title=The Continental Legal History Series | publisher=Little, Brown, & Company | issue=v. 6 | year=1916 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-eb3FqiVzLoC&pg=PA297 | access-date=October 21, 2022 | page=297 | archive-date=October 21, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021161413/https://books.google.com/books?id=-eb3FqiVzLoC&pg=PA297 | url-status=live }}</ref>

The terms "terrorism" and "terrorist" gained renewed currency in the 1970s as a result of the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO),<ref>{{cite book |last=Peleg |first=Ilan |title=The Politics of Terrorism |date=1988 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8247-7814-9 |editor-last=Stohl |editor-first=Michael |editor-link=Michael Stohl |edition=third |page=531 |chapter=Terrorism in the Middle East: The Case of the Arab-Israeli Conflict |access-date=February 14, 2019 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R60c_2nCcnYC&pg=PA531}}</ref> the [[Irish Republican Army]] (IRA),<ref>{{cite book |last=Crenshaw |first=Martha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nFyZaZGthgC&q=IRA |title=Terrorism in Context |date=2010 |publisher=Penn State Press |isbn=978-0-271-04442-2 |page=xiii |access-date=February 14, 2019}}</ref> the [[ETA (separatist group)|Basque separatist group, ETA]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shabad |first1=Goldie |title=Terrorism in Context |last2=Llera Ramo |first2=Francisco Jose |date=2010 |publisher=Penn State Press |isbn=9780271044422 |editor1-last=Crenshaw |editor1-first=Martha |chapter=Political Violence in a Democratic State: Basque Terrorism in Spain |author-link=Martha Crenshaw |access-date=February 14, 2019 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9nFyZaZGthgC&pg=PA411 |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132440/https://books.google.com/books?id=9nFyZaZGthgC&pg=PA411#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> and the operations of groups such as the [[Red Army Faction]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Corrado |first1=Raymond R. |title=The Politics of Terrorism |last2=Evans |first2=Rebecca |date=January 29, 1988 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9780824778149 |editor1-last=Stohl |editor1-first=Michael |edition=Third |page=373 |chapter=Ethnic and Ideological Terrorism in Western Europe |access-date=February 14, 2019 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R60c_2nCcnYC&pg=PA373 |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132433/https://books.google.com/books?id=R60c_2nCcnYC&pg=PA373#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Leila Khaled]] was described as a terrorist in a 1970 issue of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khaled |first1=Leila |date=September 18, 1970 |title=This is Your New Captain Speaking |page=34 |magazine=Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8lUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34 |access-date=February 14, 2019 |archive-date=March 29, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132448/https://books.google.com/books?id=8lUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of books on terrorism were published in the 1970s.<ref>Committee on the Judiciary, [https://books.google.com/books?id=JjkTAAAAIAAJ ''Terroristic Activity: International terrorism''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132435/https://books.google.com/books?id=JjkTAAAAIAAJ |date=March 29, 2024 }}; Lester A. Sobel, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YC5nAAAAMAAJ ''Political Terrorism''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132449/https://books.google.com/books?id=YC5nAAAAMAAJ |date=March 29, 2024 }}; Lauran Paine, [https://books.google.com/books?id=xiLmAAAAIAAJ ''The Terrorists''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132437/https://books.google.com/books?id=xiLmAAAAIAAJ |date=March 29, 2024 }} (1975); Walter Laqueur, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iQS-1jqgeScC ''Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical and Critical Study'']; Paul Wilkinson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=rILaAAAAMAAJ ''Terrorism versus liberal democracy: the problems of response''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329132452/https://books.google.com/books?id=rILaAAAAMAAJ |date=March 29, 2024 }}; Albert Parry, [[iarchive:terrorismfromrob0000parr|''Terrorism: from Robespierre to Arafat'']] (1976); Ovid Demaris, [[iarchive:brothersinbloodi00dema|''Brothers in Blood: The International Terrorist Network'']] (1977); Yonah Alexander, David Carlton and Paul Wilkinson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NDboAAAAIAAJ ''Terrorism: Theory and Practice'']; Christopher Dobson and Ronald Payne, [https://books.google.com/books?id=B4TaAAAAMAAJ ''The Weapons of Terror: International Terrorism at Work'']; Brian Michael Jenkins, [https://books.google.com/books?id=uo_sAAAAMAAJ ''The Terrorist Mindset and Terrorist Decisionmaking''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329133030/https://books.google.com/books?id=uo_sAAAAMAAJ |date=March 29, 2024 }} (1979)</ref> The topic came further to the fore after the [[1983 Beirut barracks bombings]]<ref name="Heryant">{{Cite book |last=Heryanto |first=Ariel |author-link=Ariel Heryanto |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6qSjk2C9x6wC&pg=PA161 |title=State Terrorism and Political Identity in Indonesia: Fatally Belonging |date=April 7, 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-19569-5 |page=161}}</ref> and again after the 2001 [[September 11 attacks]]<ref name="Heryant" /><ref name="Gabriel">{{Cite book |last=Faimau |first=Gabriel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9IwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 |title=Socio-Cultural Construction of Recognition: The Discursive Representation of Islam and Muslims in the British Christian News Media |date=July 26, 2013 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-5104-6 |page=27}}</ref><ref name="Campo">{{Cite book |last=Campo |first=Juan Eduardo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA667 |title=Encyclopedia of Islam |date=January 1, 2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-2696-8 |page=xxii}}</ref> and the [[2002 Bali bombings]].<ref name="Heryant" />