Editing Tartu (section)

==History==
{|class="wikitable" style="min-width:300px"
|-
|{{Collapsible list
|title=Historical affiliations
|bullets=true
|[[Ugandi County]] pre-1030
|{{flagicon image|Yarthewise.png}} [[Kievan Rus']] 1030–1061
|[[Ugandi County]] 1061–1134
|{{flagicon image|Yarthewise.png}} [[Kievan Rus']] 1134
|[[Ugandi County]] 1134–1191/1192
|{{flagicon image|Yarthewise.png}} [[Kievan Rus']] 1191/1192
|[[Ugandi County]] 1191/1192–1220
|{{flagicon image|Zakon Kawalerów Mieczowych COA.svg}} [[Livonian Brothers of the Sword]] 1220–1223
|[[Ugandi County]] 1223
|{{flagicon image|Nowogród.svg}} [[Novgorod Republic]] 1223–1224
|{{flagicon image|Tartu coat of arms.svg}} [[Bishopric of Dorpat]] 1224–1558
|{{flagicon image|Great banner of Ivan IV of Russia.jpg}} [[Tsardom of Russia]] 1558–1582
|{{flagicon image|Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg}} [[Duchy of Livonia]] ([[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland–Lithuania]]) 1582–1600
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Sweden (1562–1650).svg}} [[Kingdom of Sweden]] 1600–1603
|{{flagicon image|Chorągiew królewska króla Zygmunta III Wazy.svg}} [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] 1603–1625
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Sweden (1562–1650).svg}} [[Kingdom of Sweden]] 1625–1656
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Oryol (variant).svg}} [[Tsardom of Russia]] 1656–1661
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Sweden (1562–1650).svg}} [[Kingdom of Sweden]] 1661–1704
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[Tsardom of Russia]] (Muscovy) 1704–1721<br>	
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[Russian Empire]] 1721–1917
|{{flag|Russian Republic}} 1917
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Russia (1918).svg}} [[Russian Soviet Republic]] 1917–1918
|{{flag|Republic of Estonia}} 1918
|{{flagicon|German Empire}} [[German occupation of Estonia during World War I|German occupation]] 1918<br>
|{{flag|Republic of Estonia}} 1918
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Commune of the Working People of Estonia.svg}} [[Commune of the Working People of Estonia]] 1918–1919
|{{flag|Republic of Estonia}} 1919–1940
|{{flagicon|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|1936}} [[Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)|Soviet occupation]] 1940–1941<br>	
|{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[German occupation of Estonia during World War II|German occupation]] 1941–1944<br>
|{{flagicon|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|1936}} [[Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)|Soviet occupation]] 1944–1990<br />
|{{flag|Republic of Estonia}} ([[Occupation of the Baltic states|in transition]]) 1990–1991<br>	
|{{flag|Republic of Estonia}} 1991–onwards
}}
|}

===Beginnings===
Archaeological evidence of the first permanent settlement on the site of modern Tartu dates to as early as the 5th century AD.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/583793/Tartu |title=Tartu |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=26 January 2013 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114339/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/583793/Tartu |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Mäesalu">{{cite web |url=http://www.sirp.ee/archive/2001/12.10.01/Sots/sots1-6.html |title=Vene kroonikate Jurjev oli tõenäoliselt siiski Tartu |first=Ain |last=Mäesalu |publisher=[[Sirp]] |date=12 October 2001 |language=et |access-date=26 January 2013 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123111414/https://www.sirp.ee/archive/2001/12.10.01/Sots/sots1-6.html |url-status=live }}</ref> By the 7th century, local inhabitants had built a wooden fortification on the east side of [[Toomemägi|Toome Hill]] (''Toomemägi'').<ref name="Mäesalu"/> Over the next centuries the settlement grew, and around 9th–10th centuries became an inland trading center.<ref name="Mäesalu2005">{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/3544313 |last1=Mäesalu |first1=Ain |last2=Vissak |first2=Rünno |editor-last=Pullerits |editor-first=Heivi |title=Tartu. Ajalugu ja kultuurilugu |publisher=Ilmamaa |date=2005 |pages=16–18 |chapter=Muinas- ja keskaeg |isbn=9789949131525 |language=et |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314005802/https://www.academia.edu/3544313 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first documented records of the area were made by later mediaeval chroniclers who described the events of early-11th-century [[Kievan Rus']]. According to the ''[[Primary Chronicle]]'' (PVL) and ''[[Sofia First Chronicle]]'' (SPL), [[Yaroslav the Wise]], [[Grand Prince of Kiev]], invaded the region of Tartu in {{circa}} 1030, and after defeating the ''[[Chud]]{{'}}'', built his own fort there, and named it ''Yuryev''.<ref name="Mäesalu"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Tvauri |first1=Andres |title=The Migration Period, Pre-Viking Age, and Viking Age in Estonia |date=2012 |pages=33, 59, 60 |url=https://www.etis.ee/Portal/Publications/Display/b80b6f11-43ed-4b8c-b616-48ac53b70ec5?language=ENG |access-date=27 December 2016 |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023182212/https://www.etis.ee/Portal/Publications/Display/b80b6f11-43ed-4b8c-b616-48ac53b70ec5?language=ENG |url-status=live }}</ref> Tartu may have remained under Kievan Rus' control until 1061, when, according to the SPL, the ''Yuryev'' fort was burned down by ''Sosols''{{sfn|Tvauri|2012|p=34}} (probably [[Oeselians]], [[Sakala County|Sackalians]], or another Estonian tribe).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mäesalu |first1=Ain |title=Could Kedipiv in East-Slavonic Chronicles be Keava hill fort? |journal=Estonian Journal of Archaeology |date=2012 |volume=1 |issue=16supplser |page=199 |url=http://www.kirj.ee/public/Archaeology/2012/sup_vol_1/arhe-keava-2012-195-200.pdf |doi=10.3176/arch.2012.supv1.11 |access-date=13 January 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014085144/http://www.kirj.ee/public/Archaeology/2012/sup_vol_1/arhe-keava-2012-195-200.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Soon afterwards the fort was rebuilt by locals. In the 12th century, local Ungannians on one side and troops from the neighbouring [[Novgorod Republic]] on the other side repeatedly raided each other. In those campaigns, the invaders were reportedly able to capture Tartu in 1133 or 1134, and in the winter of 1191–1192, however these temporary captures are not known to have brought any lasting territorial changes.<ref name="Mäesalu2005"/>

===Medieval bishopric===
[[File:Tartu 1553.jpg|thumb|left|The city of Tartu in 1533]]
{{multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| footer            = [[Tartu Cathedral]] ruins
| image1            = Tartu Toomkirik - panoramio (1).jpg
| image2            = Tartu Toomkiriku varemed 2012.jpg
}}

During the period of [[Northern Crusades]] in the beginning of the 13th century the fort of ''Tarbatu'' (or ''Tharbata'') was captured by the crusading [[Livonian Knights|Teutonic knights]] — also known as the [[Brothers of the Sword]] <!-- (German: ''Schwertbrüder'')--> — and recaptured by Estonians on several occasions. In 1224, after <!-- Ugaunia had recognized the supremacy of--> the princes of [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]] and [[Pskov Republic|Pskov]] had sent additional troops led by prince [[Vyachko]] of [[Koknese|Kukenois]] to aid the Estonian defenders of the fort, it was [[Siege of Tartu (1224)|besieged and conquered]] for one last time by the Teutonic crusaders.<ref>[[Anti Selart]], [[Ivar Leimus]], Linda Kaljundi, [[Heiki Valk]]. ''Ristiretked ja vallutussõjad 13. sajandi Liivimaal'', in "Eesti ajalugu II. Eesti keskaeg." Editor Anti Selart. Tartu 2012. Pp. 52—53</ref> Subsequently, known as Dorpat (Latin: ''Tarbatum''), Tartu became a commercial centre of considerable importance during the later [[Middle Ages]] and the capital of the semi-independent [[Bishopric of Dorpat]].

In 1262 the army of prince [[Dmitri of Pereslavl]] launched an assault on Dorpat, capturing and destroying the town. His troops did not manage to capture the bishop's fortress on Toome Hill. The event was recorded both in subsequent German and [[Old East Slavic]] chronicles, which also provided the first record of a settlement of [[Germanic peoples|German]] merchants and artisans which had arisen alongside the bishop's fortress.

In medieval times, after the Livonian Order was subsumed into the [[Teutonic Knights]] in 1236, the town became an important trading city. In the 1280s Dorpat joined the [[Hanseatic League]]. <!-- As in all of Estonia and Latvia, the largely [[Baltic Germans|German-speaking]] nobility, but in Tartu/Dorpat (as in Tallinn) even more so, the Baltic German bourgeoisie, the ''literati'', dominated culture, religion, architecture, education, and politics until the late 19th century. For example, the town hall of Dorpat was designed by an architect from [[Rostock]] in [[Mecklenburg]], while the university buildings were designed by Johann Wilhelm Krause, another German. Many, if not most, of the students, and more than 90 percent of the faculty members were of German descent, and numerous statues of notable scholars with German names can still be found in Tartu today. Most Germans left during the first half of the 20th century, in particular as part of the ''[[Heim ins Reich]]'' program of the Nazis, following the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] in 1939. -->

===Polish-Lithuanian and Swedish rule===
{{See also|Treaty of Dorpat}}
[[File:Album von Dorpat, TKM 0031H 05, crop.jpg|thumb|left|University of Tartu main building in 1860]]
In 1558, tsar [[Ivan the Terrible]] invaded Tartu beginning the [[Livonian War]]. Forces under the command of Pyotr Shuiski encircled the town and began the heavy bombardment. In light of this and without any prospect of external help the town surrendered. The local bishop was imprisoned in Moscow, which effectively ended the period of local self-government. [[Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatyi]], a leading diplomat and archivist of diplomatic records during Ivan the Terrible's reign, argued that Tartu's "founding" by Ancient Rus' justified Russia's contemporary territorial claims to the region.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bobrick |first1=Benson |title=Fearful Majesty: The Life and Reign of Ivan the Terrible |publisher=Putnam |pages=169 }}</ref> In the effect of the [[Truce of Jam Zapolski]] of 1582, the city along with southern regions of [[Livonian Confederation]] became part of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. In 1598 it became the capital of the [[Dorpat Voivodeship]] of the [[Duchy of Livonia (1561–1621)|Duchy of Livonia]]. A [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] grammar school "Gymnasium Dorpatense" was established in 1583. In addition, a translators' seminary was organized in Tartu and the city received its red and white flag from the Polish king [[Stephen Báthory]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}}

The activities of both the grammar school and the seminary were stopped by the [[Polish–Swedish War (1600–11)|Polish–Swedish War]]. Already in late 1600 the forces of [[Charles IX of Sweden]] besieged the city defended by three [[Chorągiew (military unit)|banners]] of [[reiter]]s and the city's burghers. Despite repeated assaults, the Swedes could not enter the city. Finally in 1601 Capt. Hermann Wrangel switched sides, assaulted the [[castellan]] and opened the gates for the Swedish forces. The town was retaken by Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on 13 April 1603 following a brief siege led by [[hetman]] [[Jan Karol Chodkiewicz]]; roughly 1000 Swedish soldiers surrendered and were escorted to [[Tallinn]].

In the effect of yet another [[Polish–Swedish War (1626–29)|Polish-Swedish War]], in 1625 Tartu was once again captured by Sweden, this time for good. In the effect of the 1629 [[Truce of Altmark]] the city became part of the [[Dominions of Sweden]], which led to the foundation of the [[University of Tartu]] in 1632 by king [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]].

===Imperial Russia===
[[File:Album von Dorpat, TKM 0031H 06, crop.jpg|left|thumb|The Stone Bridge and the Old Town in 1860]]

In 1704 the town was taken by the Russian army in the presence of Tsar Peter the Great himself. As a result, around a quarter of the town and much of the fortifications were damaged. In 1708 the remainder of the fortifications and houses, including the remains of bishops castle, were blown up, all movable property was looted and all citizens were  deported to Russia. With the [[Treaty of Nystad]] in 1721, the city became part of the [[Russian Empire]] and was known as ''Derpt''. Fires in the 18th century destroyed much of the medieval architecture, the [[Great Fire of Tartu]] in 1775 removed most of the buildings in the centre. The city was rebuilt along [[Baroque architecture|Late Baroque]] and [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] lines including the [[Tartu Town Hall]] which was built between 1782 and 1789.<ref>[http://www.tartu.ee/?lang_id=2&menu_id=9&page_id=1417 The Town Hall of Tartu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818122354/http://www.tartu.ee/?lang_id=2&menu_id=9&page_id=1417 |date=18 August 2016 }}, tartu.ee, retrieved 27 December 2013</ref> In 1783 the city became the centre of Derpt [[uyezd]] within the [[Governorate of Livonia]].

During the second half of the 19th century, Tartu was the cultural centre for Estonians in the era of [[Romantic nationalism]]. The city hosted Estonia's first [[Estonian Song Festival|song festival]] in 1869. ''[[Vanemuine]]'', the first national theatre, was established in 1870. Tartu was also the setting for the foundation of the Society of Estonian Writers in 1872.
[[File:Tartu Raekoda 2012.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Tartu Town Hall]]]]
[[Tartu railway station]] was opened in 1876 when [[Tapa, Estonia|Tapa]]–Tartu route was built.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visitestonia.com/en/tartu-railway-station |title=Tartu Railway Station |publisher=Visit Estonia |access-date=5 April 2023 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405110451/https://www.visitestonia.com/en/tartu-railway-station |url-status=live }}</ref> The station building was opened in 1877. In the [[history of tuberculosis]], in 1891 The Veterinary College at Dorpat produced seminal research using the [[Tuberculin test]] on 1,000 cattle.<ref>''Tuberculosis In European Countries'', The Times, 25 February 1895</ref>

In 1893, the city was officially retitled to the ancient Russian name ''Yuryev''. The university was subsequently [[Russification|russified]] from 1895 on with the introduction of compulsory Russian in teaching. Much of the university property was relocated to [[Voronezh]] in 1918 and during the German occupation, the university worked under the name Landesuniversität Dorpat. During the [[Estonian War of Independence]] the university of Tartu was re-opened as an Estonian language university on 1 December 1919.

===Independent Estonia (1918–1940)===

With Estonian independence after World War I, the city officially became known by the Estonian name ''Tartu''. At the end of the 1918–1920 [[Estonian War of Independence]] following World War I, a peace treaty between the [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] [[Soviet Russia|Russia]] and Estonia was signed on 2 February 1920 in Tartu ([[Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)|Treaty of Tartu]]). With the treaty, [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]] renounced territorial claims to Estonia "for all time".

In 1920, the peace [[Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Finnish)|treaty between Soviet Russia and Finland]] was also signed in Tartu.

During the interwar period [[Tähtvere]] neighbourhood was built, former [[Raadi Manor]] buildings started to house [[Estonian National Museum]] (destroyed during [[Tartu Offensive]] in 1944) and art school [[Pallas Art School (1919–1940)|Pallas]] was opened.

===German and Soviet occupations (1940–1991)===

During World War II, the [[Stalin]]ist Soviet Union invaded and occupied Estonia and Tartu in June 1940. Large parts of the city as well as the historical ''Kivisild'' ("Stone bridge", built in 1776–1778) over the Emajõgi river were destroyed by the retreating Soviet Army, partly in 1941 and almost completely in 1944 by then retreating German Army. Already heavily damaged, Tartu was repeatedly bombed by the Soviet air forces on 27 January 1943, on 26 February 1944, on 7–8 March 1944, and on 25–26 March 1944. After the war ended, much of the city's historic centre was left in ruins. Even the less damaged buildings in entire city blocks were demolished by the Soviet occupation authorities and large swathes of previously residential areas were turned into parks and parking lots.

After the war, the Soviet authorities declared Tartu a "closed town for foreigners", as an airbase for bombers was constructed on [[Raadi Airfield]], in the northeast outskirts of the city. It was one of the largest military airbases in the former Eastern Bloc and housed strategic bombers carrying nuclear bombs.<!--The location itself was where the Estonian 2nd Air Division was situated prior to 1940. The concrete runway there was later used to house a large used cars market and was sometimes used for automotive racing.--> On one end of an older strip of the runway, the new building of [[Estonian National Museum]] was built.

[[Tartu Airport]] was opened in the south of the city in 1946. Besides the airport [[Estonian Aviation Academy]] was established in 1993. Privately owned [[Estonian Aviation Museum]], which is 5&nbsp;km to the East of the airport (7&nbsp;km by car), was opened to the public in 2002.
During the 1944–1991 Soviet occupation the population of Tartu almost doubled from 57,000 to above 100,000 — due to mass immigration from Russia and other areas of the former Soviet Union, in large part because of the military airbase. 
[[File:AHHAA.jpg|thumb|AHHAA Science Centre with Tigutorn visible in the background]]

===Modern era===
<!--In 1988, after [[Estonian Sovereignty Declaration|Estonia declared its sovereignty]] from the USSR, elections were held for a newly independent City Council. Its first chair was the lawyer, [[Aino-Eevi Lukas]], who led the council from 1989 to 1993. Rebuilding from scratch, the council re-established the legal code and foreign relationships for in the post-independence era.<ref>{{cite news |title=Suri Aino-Eevi Lukas |url=https://www.ohtuleht.ee/985777/suri-aino-eevi-lukas |access-date=13 May 2020 |date=6 December 2019 |newspaper=[[Õhtuleht]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207150656/https://www.ohtuleht.ee/985777/suri-aino-eevi-lukas |archive-date=7 December 2019 |location=Tallinn |language=et |trans-title=Died Aino-Eevi Lukas }}</ref>-->
Since Estonia regained its independence in 1991, the old town centre has been renovated. Notably, [[St. John's Church, Tartu|St. John's Church]], in ruins since World War II, has been restored. Many new commercial and business buildings have been erected (''Tartu Kaubamaja'', ''Tasku'', ''Emajõe kaubanduskeskus'', ''Lõunakeskus'', ''Kvartal'', etc.). The highest residential building and local landmark ''[[Tigutorn]]'' was opened in 2008.

The [[AHHAA]] science centre relocated to a new building in 2011 and the [[Estonian National Museum]]'s new main building opened in 2016.
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