Editing Taiwanese indigenous peoples (section)

=== Collective ===
[[File:A Baksa woman and child, Formosa 1871. Wellcome L0056719 (cropped).jpg|thumb|249x249px|A Taiwanese indigenous woman and infant, by [[John Thomson (photographer)|John Thomson]], 1871]]

The Ming Dynasty sailor [[Chen Di]], in his ''Record of the Eastern Seas'' (1603), identifies the indigenous people of Taiwan as simply "Eastern Savages" ({{zh|t=東番|p=Dongfan|labels=no}}), while the Dutch referred to Taiwan's original inhabitants as "Indians" or "blacks", based on their prior colonial experience in what is currently Indonesia.{{sfnp|Teng|2004|pp=61–65}}

Beginning nearly a century later, as the rule of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Empire]] expanded over wider groups of people, writers and gazetteers recast their descriptions away from reflecting degree of [[acculturation]], and toward a system that defined the indigenous relative to their submission or hostility to Qing rule. Qing used the term "raw/wild/uncivilized" ({{zh|c={{linktext|生番}}|labels=no}}) to define those people who had not submitted to Qing rule, and "cooked/tamed/civilized" ({{zh|c={{linktext|熟番}}|labels=no}}) for those who had pledged their allegiance through their payment of a head tax.{{NoteTag|In the case of travel writings, the Qing literati use of "raw" and "cooked" are closer in meaning to "unfamiliar" and "familiar", on the basis of culture/language and interaction with Han settlers.<ref>{{harvp|Teng|2004|pp=126–127}}.</ref>}} According to the standards of the [[Qianlong Emperor]] and successive regimes, the epithet "cooked" was synonymous with having assimilated to Han cultural norms, and living as a subject of the Empire, but it retained a pejorative designation to signify the perceived cultural lacking of the non-Han people.{{sfnp|Diamond|1995|p=100}} This designation reflected the prevailing idea that anyone could be civilized/tamed by adopting Confucian social norms.{{sfnp|Crossley|1999|pp=281–295}}{{sfnp|Dikotter|1992|pp=8–9}}

In English, these peoples have also been called '''Formosans''', '''Native Taiwanese''', and '''Austronesian Taiwanese'''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rigger |first=Shelley |author1-link=Shelley Rigger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QZ1AQAAQBAJ |title=Why Taiwan Matters: Small Island, Global Powerhouse |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-4422-3002-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=3 May 2017 |title=One Island, Twenty Tongues |url=http://www.ketagalanmedia.com/2017/05/03/one-island-twenty-tongues/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504070224/http://www.ketagalanmedia.com/2017/05/03/one-island-twenty-tongues/ |archive-date=4 May 2017 |access-date=6 May 2017 |website=Ketagalan Media}}</ref> The name '''Gaoshan''' is also the official label for all indigenous Taiwanese in the People's Republic of China.{{sfnp|Hattaway|2003|pp=39, 93, 425}}<ref>GB 3304－91 [http://mz.china.com.cn/?action-viewnews-itemid-4643 Names of nationalities of China in romanization with codes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101182121/http://mz.china.com.cn/?action-viewnews-itemid-4643|date=2009-11-01}}.</ref>