Editing Taipei (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Taipei}}
{{See also|North-South divide in Taiwan#Taipei}}
[[File:North Gate of Taipei City, 2023 (01).jpg|left|thumb|215x215px|Taipei's Old North Gate, completed in 1884]]
Prior to the significant influx of Han Chinese colonists, the region of [[Taipei Basin]] was mainly inhabited by the [[Taiwanese plains aborigines|plains aborigines]] called [[Ketagalan]]. The number of Han colonists gradually increased in the early 18th century under [[Taiwan under Qing rule|Qing dynasty rule]] after the government began permitting development in the area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.taipei.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1084524&ctNode=29490&mp=100002 |title=Taipei's History and Development |publisher=Taipei City Government |date=November 2014 |access-date=15 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230144133/http://english.taipei.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=1084524&ctNode=29490&mp=100002 |archive-date=30 December 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1875, the northern part of the island was incorporated into the new [[Taipeh Prefecture]].

It was formerly established as Taipeh-fu and was the temporary capital of the island in 1887 when it was declared a province ([[Taiwan Province#Qing Dynasty|Fukien-Taiwan Province]]).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/580809/Taipei/231554/History |title=Taipei (Taiwan) :: History |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=4 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527202105/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/580809/Taipei/231554/History |archive-date=27 May 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=James W. |author-link=James W. Davidson |title=The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions |year=1903 |publisher=Macmillan & Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/islandofformosap00davi |location=London and New York |ol=6931635M |page=245 |access-date=10 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108025015/https://archive.org/details/islandofformosap00davi |archive-date=8 January 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Taipeh was formally made the provincial capital in 1894. The romanized transcription of Taipeh was changed to Taihoku in 1895 when the Empire of Japan annexed Taiwan, based on the Japanese reading of the two characters. The writing in Chinese characters remained unaltered. Under Japanese rule, the city was administered under [[Taihoku Prefecture]]. Taiwan's Japanese rulers embarked on an extensive program of advanced [[urban planning]] that featured extensive railroad links. A number of Taipei landmarks and cultural institutions date from this period.<ref name="marsh1" />

Following the [[surrender of Japan]] to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] during 1945, effective control of Taiwan was [[History of Taiwan since 1945|handed to the Republic of China (ROC)]]. After facing defeat from Communist forces, the ruling [[Kuomintang]] relocated the [[Government of the Republic of China|ROC government]] to Taiwan and declared Taipei the [[provisional capital]] of the ROC in December 1949.<ref name="ng" /><ref name="bbctimeline-retreat" /><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/rebellionrevolut0000russ/ |isbn=0-13-785745-4 |year=1974 |title=Rebellion, Revolution, and Armed Force |author=[[Diana E. H. Russell|D. E. H. Russell]]
|publisher=[[Academic Press]]
|page=[https://archive.org/details/rebellionrevolut0000russ/page/111/ 111]
|quote=On Dec. 8, 1949, T'ai-pei, on the island of Formosa, to which Chiang Kai-shek and many of his followers had fled, was declared the Nationalist Capital.}}</ref> Taiwan's Kuomintang rulers regarded the city as the capital of [[Taiwan Province]] and their control as mandated by [[General Order No. 1]].

In 1990, Taipei provided the backdrop for the [[Wild Lily student movement|Wild Lily student rallies]] that moved Taiwanese society from one-party rule to multi-party [[democracy]] by [[1996 Taiwan presidential election|1996]]. The city has served as the seat of Taiwan's democratically elected national government ever since.

===Early settlers–Qing dynasty===
Prior to the 18th century, the region known as the [[Taipei Basin]] was home to [[Ketagalan people|Ketagalan]] tribes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.taipei.gov.tw/TCG/index.jsp?recordid=109 |title=History |publisher=Taipei City Government |date=29 March 2004 |access-date=11 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507005944/http://english.taipei.gov.tw/TCG/index.jsp?recordid=109 |archive-date=7 May 2005}}</ref> [[Han Chinese]] colonists from [[Dabu County]], [[Yongding County]], [[Anxi County|Anxi]] and [[Tong'an]] of [[Southern Fujian]] began to settle in the Taipei Basin in 1709.<ref name="kelly">{{cite book |last=Kelly |first=Robert |title=Taiwan |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |year=2007 |page=46 |isbn=978-1-74104-548-2}}</ref><ref name="tcghistory">{{cite web |url=http://english.taipei.gov.tw/TCG/index.jsp?recordid=108 |title=History of Taipei |publisher=Taipei City Government |access-date=11 August 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526012848/http://english.taipei.gov.tw/TCG/index.jsp?recordid=108 |archive-date=26 May 2007}}</ref>

In the late 19th century, the Taipei area, where the major Han Chinese settlements in northern Taiwan and one of the designated overseas trade ports, [[Tamsui District|Tamsui]], were located, gained economic importance due to the booming overseas trade, especially that of [[tea]] export. In 1875, the northern part of Taiwan was separated from [[Taiwan Prefecture]] and incorporated into the new [[Taipeh Prefecture]] as a new administrative entity of the Qing dynasty.<ref name="marsh1">{{cite book |last=Marsh |first=Robert |title=The Great Transformation |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1996 |page=84 |isbn=1-56324-788-7}}</ref> Having been established adjoining the flourishing townships of [[Wanhua District|Bangka]], [[Dalongdong]], and [[Twatutia]], the new prefectural capital was known as ''Chengnei'' ({{zh|t=城內|p=chéngnèi|poj=siâⁿ-lāi}}), "the inner city", and government buildings were erected there. From 1875 until the beginning of Japanese rule in 1895, Taipei was part of Tamsui County of Taipeh Prefecture and the prefectural capital.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Wenchuan |title=Street-naming and the Subjectivity of Taiwan: A Case Study of Taipei City |url=https://journals.uni-lj.si/as/article/download/2879/2868/5757 |journal=Asian and African Studies |access-date=5 June 2023 |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605095923/https://journals.uni-lj.si/as/article/download/2879/2868/5757 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1886, as work commenced to govern the island as a province, Taipeh was designated as the provincial capital. When Japan acquired the island in 1895 as part of the peace agreement for the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], they retained Taipeh as the capital.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-26 |title=Taipei {{!}} History, Population, Map, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Taipei |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

Nowadays, all that remains from the historical period is the north gate. The west gate and [[Taipei City Walls|city walls]] were demolished by the Japanese while the south gate, little south gate, and east gate were extensively modified by the [[Kuomintang]] and have lost much of their original character.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Allen |first1=Joseph R. |title=Taipei: City of Displacements |date=2012 |publisher=University of Washington Press |location=Seattle |isbn=978-0-295-80426-2 |pages=75–81}}</ref>

===Empire of Japan===
[[File:Txu-pclmaps-oclc-6550514-taihoku-east-2422-iii.jpg|left|thumb|Map of eastern Taipei (labeled as TAIHOKU) and nearby areas ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1944)]]
[[File:大島久滿次.jpg|thumb|The [[Taihoku Prefecture]] government building in the 1910s (now the [[Control Yuan]] building)]]

As settlement for losing the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], China ceded the [[island of Taiwan]] to the [[Empire of Japan]] in 1895 as part of the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]]. After the Japanese takeover, Taipei, romanized into English as '''Taihoku''' following the Japanese language pronunciation, was retained as the capital. It subsequently emerged as the political center of the Japanese Colonial Government.<ref name="marsh1" /> During that time the city acquired the characteristics of an administrative center, including many new public buildings and [[Qidong Street Japanese Houses|housing for civil servants]]. Much of the architecture of Taipei dates from the period of [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]], including the [[Presidential Office Building (Republic of China)|Presidential Office Building]] which was the Office of the [[Governor-General of Taiwan]].

During Japanese rule, Taihoku was incorporated in 1920 as part of [[Taihoku Prefecture]]. It included [[Wanhua District|Bangka]], [[Twatutia]], and {{nihongo||城內|Jōnai}} among other small settlements. The eastern village of {{nihongo4||松山庄|Matsuyama|modern-day [[Songshan District, Taipei]]}} was annexed into Taihoku City in 1938. Taihoku and surrounding areas were bombed by Allied forces on several occasions. The largest of these Allied air raids, the [[Taihoku Air Raid]], took place on 31 May 1945.

===Post-WW2 under ROC===
[[File:Taipei_2012_3_amk.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Taipei 101]] is a landmark and tourist attraction in Taipei.]]
[[File:Chiang Kai-shek memorial amk.jpg|thumb|200px|The [[National Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall]] is a national monument, landmark, and tourist attraction in Taipei.]]
[[File:美國總統艾森豪於1960年6月訪問臺灣台北時與蔣中正總統-2.jpg|thumb|With President [[Chiang Kai-shek]], U.S. President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] waved to a crowd during his visit to Taipei in June 1960.]]

Upon the Japanese defeat following the nuclear bomb destruction of [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]], and its consequent surrender in August 1945, the [[Kuomintang]] (Chinese Nationalist Party) [[Retrocession of Taiwan|assumed control]] of Taiwan. Subsequently, Taipei was established as a [[Provincial city (Taiwan)|provincial city]] and a temporary Office of the [[Taiwan Province]] Administrative Governor was established in it.{{sfnp|Marsh|1996|p=85}} In 1947 the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) government under [[Chiang Kai-shek]] declared island-wide [[martial law in Taiwan]] as a result of the [[28 February Incident]], which began with incidents in Taipei but led to an island-wide crackdown on the local population by forces loyal to Chiang. Two years later, on 7 December 1949, Chiang and the Kuomintang forces were forced to flee mainland China after the defeat by Communist revolutionaries. The KMT-led national government that fled to Taiwan declared Taipei to be the provisional capital of a continuing Republic of China.<ref name="ng">{{cite book |last=Ng |first=Franklin |title=The Taiwanese Americans |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=1998 |page=10 |isbn=0-313-29762-2}}</ref><ref name="bbctimeline-retreat">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1949_1955.stm |title=Taiwan Timeline – Retreat to Taiwan |year=2000 |work=BBC News |access-date=13 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624190413/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1949_1955.stm |archive-date=24 June 2009 |url-status=live}} Taipei has never been declared the official capital but Kuomintang loyalists today generally regard it as such. In 2004 elementary textbook references stating "Nanjing is the capital of the Republic of China" were replaced with "Taipei is the location of the central government of the Republic of China."</ref>

Taipei [[Military dependents' village|expanded greatly]] in the decades after 1949, and as approved on 30 December 1966, by the [[Executive Yuan]], Taipei was declared a [[special municipality (Taiwan)|special municipality]] on 1 July 1967.<ref name="tcghistory" /> In the following year, Taipei City expanded again by annexing [[Shilin District|Shilin]], [[Beitou District|Beitou]], [[Neihu District|Neihu]], [[Nangang District, Taipei|Nangang]], [[Jingmei]], and [[Muzha District|Muzha]]. At that time, the city's total area increased fourfold by absorbing several outlying towns and villages and the population increased to 1.56 million people.<ref name="tcghistory" />

The city's population, which had reached one million in the early 1960s, also expanded rapidly after 1967, exceeding two million by the mid-1970s. Although growth within the city itself gradually slowed thereafter{{sfnp|Marsh|1996|p=85}} — its population had become relatively stable by the mid-1990s – Taipei remained one of the world's most densely populated urban areas, and the population continued to increase in the region surrounding the city, notably along the corridor between Taipei and [[Keelung]].{{Original research inline|date=March 2023}}

In 1990, Taipei's 16 districts were consolidated into the current 12 districts.<ref name="yearbook">{{cite book |title=Republic of China Yearbook |publisher=Kwang Hwa Publishing Co. |year=2002 |page=120 |isbn=957-9227-35-7}}</ref> [[Wild Lily student movement|Mass democracy rallies]] that year in the [[Liberty Square (Taipei)|plaza]] around Chiang Kai-shek Memorial Hall led to an island-wide transition to multi-party [[democracy]], where legislators are chosen via regularly scheduled popular elections, during the presidency of [[Lee Teng-Hui]].{{Original research inline|date=March 2023}}