Editing Tagalog language (section)

==History==
{{Main|Old Tagalog}}

[[File:Baybayin alpha.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|The base consonants and vowels of the [[Baybayin]] script, the original writing system of Tagalog]]

The word ''Tagalog'' is possibly derived from the [[endonym]] ''taga-ilog'' ("river dweller"), composed of ''tagá-'' ("native of" or "from") and ''ilog'' ("river"), or alternatively, ''taga-alog'' deriving from ''alog'' ("pool of water in the lowlands"; "rice or vegetable plantation"). Linguists such as [[David Zorc]] and [[Robert Blust]] speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups originated in Northeastern [[Mindanao]] or the [[Eastern Visayas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zorc |first=R. David Paul |url=https://archive.org/details/bisayandialectso0044zorc |title=The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction |date=1977 |publisher=The Australian National University |series=Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 44 |location=Canberra |doi=10.15144/PL-C44 |hdl=1885/146594 |isbn=9780858831575 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blust |first=Robert |date=1991 |title=The Greater Central Philippines Hypothesis |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=73–129 |doi=10.2307/3623084 |jstor=3623084}}</ref>

Possible words of Old Tagalog origin are attested in the [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]] from the tenth century, which is largely written in [[History of the Malay language#Old Malay (7th to 14th century)|Old Malay]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Postma |first=Anton |date=1992 |title=The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary |url=https://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/1033 |journal=Philippine Studies |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=183–203 |jstor=42633308 |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=May 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509173459/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/1033 |url-status=live }}</ref> The first known complete book to be written in Tagalog is the ''[[Doctrina Christiana]]'' (Christian Doctrine), printed in 1593. The ''Doctrina'' was written in Spanish and two transcriptions of Tagalog; one in the ancient, then-current [[Baybayin]] script and the other in an early Spanish attempt at a [[Latin script|Latin]] orthography for the language.

[[File:Vocabulario de la lengua tagala 1794.jpg|thumb|''Vocabulario de la lengua tagala'', 1794.]]

Throughout the 333 years of Spanish rule, various grammars and dictionaries were written by Spanish clergymen. In 1610, the Dominican priest Francisco Blancas de San José published the ''Arte y reglas de la lengua tagala'' (which was subsequently revised with two editions in 1752 and 1832) in Bataan. In 1613, the Franciscan priest Pedro de San Buenaventura published the first Tagalog dictionary, his ''[[Vocabulario de la lengua tagala]]'' in [[Pila, Laguna]].

The first substantial dictionary of the Tagalog language was written by the [[Czech Republic|Czech]] [[Jesuit]] missionary [[Pablo Clain]] in the beginning of the 18th century. Clain spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He prepared the dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Noceda |first1=Juan José de |title=Vocabulario de la lengua tagala |last2=Sanlucar |first2=Pedro de |date=2013 |publisher=Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino |location=Maynila |page=iv |orig-date=1860}}</ref> Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by P. Juan de Noceda and P. Pedro de Sanlucar and published as ''[[Vocabulario de la lengua tagala]]'' in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Noceda |first1=Juan José de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTIOAAAAIAAJ |title=Vocabulario de la lengua tagala: compuesto por varios religiosos doctos y graves, y coordinado |last2=Sanlucar |first2=Pedro de |date=1860 |publisher=Ramirez y Giraudier |location=Manila |language=es}}</ref> reedited, with the last edition being in 2013 in Manila.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Noceda |first1=Juan José de |title=Vocabulario de la lengua tagala |last2=Sanlucar |first2=Pedro de |date=2013 |publisher=Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino |location=Maynila |orig-date=1860}}</ref>

Among others, ''Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos'' (1850) in addition to early studies<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spieker-Salazar |first=Marlies |date=1992 |title=A Contribution to Asian Historiography: European Studies of Philippines Languages from the 17th to the 20th Century |journal=Archipel |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=183–202 |doi=10.3406/arch.1992.2861 |doi-access=free}}</ref> of the language.

The indigenous poet [[Francisco Balagtas]] (1788–1862) is known as the foremost Tagalog writer, his most notable work being the 19th-century [[Epic poetry|epic]] ''[[Florante at Laura]]''.<ref name="Cruz 1906">{{Cite book |last=Cruz |first=Hermenegildo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1S5BAQAAMAAJ |title=Kun Sino ang Kumathâ ng̃ "Florante": Kasaysayan ng̃ Búhay ni Francisco Baltazar at Pag-uulat nang Kanyang Karunung̃a't Kadakilaan |date=1906 |publisher=Librería "Manila Filatélico" |location=Maynilà |language=tl |via=Google Books}}</ref>

===Official status===
{{Main|Filipino language}}
[[File:Diariong Tagalog.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Diariong Tagalog]]'' (Tagalog Newspaper), the first bilingual newspaper in the Philippines founded in 1882 written in both Tagalog and [[Spanish language|Spanish]].]]
Tagalog was declared the official language by the first revolutionary constitution in the Philippines, the [[wikisource:Provisional Constitution of the Philippines (1897)#ARTICLE VIII: OFFICIAL LANGUAGE|Constitution of Biak-na-Bato]] in 1897.<ref>{{Citation |title=1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato, Article VIII |date=November 1897 |url=https://thecorpusjuris.com/constitutions/1897-constitution.php |mode=cs1 |via=The Corpus Juris |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=July 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717035029/https://thecorpusjuris.com/constitutions/1897-constitution.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1935, the Philippine constitution designated English and Spanish as official languages, but mandated the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages.<ref>{{Citation |title=1935 Philippine Constitution (amended), Article XIV, Section 3 |work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1935-constitution-ammended/ |mode=cs1 |via=Official Gazette |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=June 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601164141/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1935-constitution-ammended// |url-status=live }}</ref> After study and deliberation, the National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represented various regions in the Philippines, chose Tagalog as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.<ref name="MLQspeech">{{Cite speech |last=Quezon |first=Manuel L. |author-link=Manuel L. Quezon |location=Malacañan Palace, Manila |date=December 30, 1937 |title=Speech of His Excellency Manuel L. Quezon President of the Philippines on Filipino National Language |url=http://www.quezon.ph/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/mlq-speech-national-language-1.pdf |via=quezon.ph |access-date=March 26, 2010 |archive-date=February 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225085738/http://www.quezon.ph/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/mlq-speech-national-language-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Gonzalez">{{Cite journal |last=Gonzalez |first=Andrew |date=1998 |title=The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines |url=http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf |journal=Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development |volume=19 |issue=5, 6 |pages=487–488 |doi=10.1080/01434639808666365 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060322083304/http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf |archive-date=March 22, 2006 }}</ref> President [[Manuel L. Quezon]] then, on December 30, 1937, proclaimed the selection of the Tagalog language to be used as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.<ref name=MLQspeech /> In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as ''Wikang Pambansâ'' (national language).<ref name=Gonzalez/> Quezon himself was born and raised in [[Baler, Aurora]], which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. Under the Japanese puppet government during [[World War II]], Tagalog as a national language was strongly promoted; the 1943 Constitution specifying: "The government shall take steps toward the development and propagation of Tagalog as the national language."

In 1959, the language was further renamed as "Pilipino".<ref name=Gonzalez/> Along with English, the national language has had official status under the 1973 constitution (as "Pilipino")<ref>{{Citation |title=1973 Philippine Constitution, Article XV, Sections 2–3 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |mode=cs1 |via=Official Gazette |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191553/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the present 1987 constitution (as Filipino).

===Controversy===
The adoption of Tagalog in 1937 as basis for a national language is not without its own controversies. Instead of specifying Tagalog, the national language was designated as ''Wikang Pambansâ'' ("National Language") in 1939.<ref name=MLQspeech /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mga Probisyong Pangwika sa Saligang-Batas |url=http://wika.pbworks.com/Kasaysayan |access-date=June 7, 2012 |website=wika.pbworks.com |archive-date=February 21, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100221013557/http://wika.pbworks.com/Kasaysayan |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2022}} Twenty years later, in 1959, it was renamed by then Secretary of Education, [[José E. Romero]], as ''[[Filipino language|Pilipino]]'' to give it a [[nation]]al rather than [[Ethnic group|ethnic]] label and connotation. The changing of the name did not, however, result in acceptance among non-[[Tagalog people|Tagalogs]], especially [[Cebuano people|Cebuano]]s who had not accepted the selection.<ref name="Gonzalez" />

The national language issue was revived once more during the [[1970 Philippine Constitutional Convention election|1971 Constitutional Convention]]. The majority of the delegates were even in favor of scrapping the idea of a "national language" altogether.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Nigel |date=August 7, 2014 |title=What the PH Constitutions Say About the National Language |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/65477-national-language-philippine-constitutions/ |access-date=April 13, 2022 |website=Rappler |archive-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413194244/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/65477-national-language-philippine-constitutions/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A compromise solution was worked out—a "universalist" approach to the national language, to be called ''Filipino'' rather than ''Pilipino''. The 1973 constitution makes no mention of Tagalog. When a new constitution was drawn up in 1987, it named Filipino as the national language.<ref name="Gonzalez" /> The constitution specified that as the Filipino language evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages. However, more than two decades after the institution of the "universalist" approach, there seems to be little if any difference between Tagalog and Filipino.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

===Use in education===
{{Expand section|date=March 2018}}

Upon the issuance of ''Executive Order No. 134'', Tagalog was declared as basis of the National Language. On April 12, 1940, ''Executive No. 263'' was issued ordering the teaching of the national language in all public and private schools in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Espiritu |first=Clemencia |date=April 29, 2015 |title=Filipino Language in the Curriculum |url=http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-disseminationscd/language-and-translation/filipino-language-in-the-curriculum/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821124733/http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-disseminationscd/language-and-translation/filipino-language-in-the-curriculum/ |archive-date=August 21, 2018 |access-date=August 21, 2018 |website=National Commission for Culture and the Arts}}</ref>

Article XIV, Section 6 of the 1987 [[Constitution of the Philippines]] specifies, in part:

{{blockquote|Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.<ref name="1987constitutionXIV">{{Citation |title=1987 Philippine Constitution, Article XIV, Sections 6–9 |work=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |via=Official Gazette |mode=cs1 |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=January 5, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190105085906/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

Under Section 7, however:

{{blockquote|The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.<ref name=1987constitutionXIV />}}

In 2009, the [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Department of Education]] promulgated an order institutionalizing a system of mother-tongue based multilingual education ("MLE"), wherein instruction is conducted primarily in a student's mother tongue (one of the various regional Philippine languages) until at least grade three, with additional languages such as Filipino and English being introduced as separate subjects no earlier than grade two. In secondary school, Filipino and English become the primary languages of instruction, with the learner's first language taking on an auxiliary role.<ref>{{Citation |last=Department of Education |title=Order No. 74 |date=2009 |url=http://www.deped.gov.ph/cpanel/uploads/issuanceImg/DO%20No.%2074,%20s.%202009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616225924/http://www.deped.gov.ph/cpanel/uploads/issuanceImg/DO%20No.%2074,%20s.%202009.pdf |archive-date=June 16, 2012 |mode=cs1}}</ref> After pilot tests in selected schools, the MLE program was implemented nationwide from School Year (SY) 2012–2013.<ref>{{Citation |title=DO 16, s. 2012 |url=http://www.deped.gov.ph/orders/do-16-s-2012 |via=deped.gov.ph |mode=cs1 |access-date=February 7, 2018 |archive-date=February 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208064031/http://www.deped.gov.ph/orders/do-16-s-2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dumlao |first=Artemio |date=May 21, 2012 |title=K+12 to Use 12 Mother Tongues |work=Philstar Global |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2012/05/16/807083/k12-use-12-mother-tongues |access-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-date=April 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413194245/https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2012/05/16/807083/k12-use-12-mother-tongues |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tagalog is the first language of a quarter of the population of the Philippines (particularly in Central and Southern Luzon) and the second language for the majority.<ref name="Philippine Census 2000">Philippine Census, 2000. Table 11. Household Population by Ethnicity, Sex and Region: 2000</ref>