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== Geography == Syracuse is located at {{Coord|43|2|49|N|76|8|40|W|type:city|display=inline}} (43.046899, −76.144423).<ref name="GR1">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=April 23, 2011|date=February 12, 2011|title=US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990|archive-date=August 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824085937/https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is located about {{convert|87|mi|km|-1}} east of [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], {{convert|150|mi|km|-1}} east of [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], and {{convert|145|mi|km|-1}} west of the state capital, [[Albany, New York|Albany]]. It is also the halfway point between New York City and [[Toronto]], about {{convert|245|mi|km|-1}} from each, Toronto to the northwest and NYC to the southeast. According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the city has a total area of {{convert|25.6|mi2|km2|abbr=off|order=flip}}, of which {{convert|25.1|mi2|km2|abbr=off|order=flip}} is land and {{convert|0.6|mi2|km2|abbr=off|order=flip}} (2.15%) water. The city developed at the northeast corner of the [[Finger Lakes]] region. The city has many neighborhoods that were originally independent villages, which joined the city over the years. Although the central part of Syracuse is flat, many of its neighborhoods are on small hills such as [[University Hill, Syracuse|University Hill]] and [[Tipperary Hill]]. Land to the north of Syracuse is generally flat, while land to the south is hilly. About 27% of Syracuse's land area is covered by 890,000 trees — a higher percentage than in [[Albany, New York|Albany]], [[Rochester, New York|Rochester]], or [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]]. The [[New York State Labor Day Derechos|Labor Day Storm]] of 1998 was a [[derecho]] that destroyed approximately 30,000 trees. The [[sugar maple]] accounts for 14.2% of Syracuse's trees, followed by the [[Northern white cedar]] (9.8%) and the [[Buckthorn|European buckthorn]] (6.8%). The most common street tree is the [[Norway maple]] (24.3%), followed by the [[honey locust]] (9.3%). The densest tree cover in Syracuse is in the two Valley neighborhoods, where 46.6% of the land is covered by trees. The lowest tree cover percentage is found in the densely developed [[Downtown Syracuse|downtown]], which has only 4.6% trees.<ref>Weiner, Mark: "Census of trees sees healthy population – Syracuse, one of Upstate's leafiest cities, is coming back after the devastating [[New York State Labor Day derechos|1998 Labor Day storm]]", ''[[Post-Standard]]'', April 27, 2001</ref> Syracuse's main water source is [[Skaneateles Lake]], one of the country's cleanest lakes,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.syracuse.ny.us/Water_FAQs.aspx|title=City of Syracuse|website=syracuse.ny.us|access-date=December 2, 2016|archive-date=December 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203124357/http://www.syracuse.ny.us/Water_FAQs.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> located {{convert|15|mi|km|abbr=on}} southwest of the city. Water from nearby [[Onondaga Lake]] is not potable due to industrial dumping that spanned many decades, leaving the lake heavily polluted.<ref>[[Onondaga Lake]]</ref> Incoming water is left unfiltered,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://unitedstates-post.blogspot.com/2014/11/syracuse-geography-of-syracuse-in-new.html|title=SYRACUSE – GEOGRAPHY OF SYRACUSE IN NEW YORK STATE {{!}} UNITED STATES GEOGRAPHY & HISTORY™|website=SYRACUSE – GEOGRAPHY OF SYRACUSE IN NEW YORK STATE {{!}} UNITED STATES GEOGRAPHY & HISTORY™|access-date=December 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203061211/http://unitedstates-post.blogspot.com/2014/11/syracuse-geography-of-syracuse-in-new.html|archive-date=December 3, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and chlorine is added to prevent bacterial growth. Most of the environmental work to achieve lake cleanup was scheduled to be completed by 2016; however [[Honeywell]], the company tasked with the cleanup, announced the project's completion in late 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lakecleanup.com/progress-news/metrics/|title=Onondaga Lake Cleanup By the Numbers|website=lakecleanup.com|access-date=June 19, 2020|archive-date=May 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522203520/http://www.lakecleanup.com/progress-news/metrics/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2011/12/onondaga_lake_cleanup_hits_mil.html|title=Onondaga Lake cleanup hits milestone this week with completion of barrier wall|newspaper=syracuse.com|access-date=October 13, 2016|archive-date=October 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014061246/http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2011/12/onondaga_lake_cleanup_hits_mil.html|url-status=live}}</ref> For periods of drought, there is also a backup line which uses water from [[Lake Ontario]].<ref>''[http://www.osc.state.ny.us/localgov/audits/2003/cities/syracuse.htm City of Syracuse – Executive Summary (2003)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051118132122/http://www.osc.state.ny.us/localgov/audits/2003/cities/syracuse.htm |date=November 18, 2005 }}''</ref> [[Onondaga Creek]], a waterway that runs through downtown, flows northward through the city. The [[Onondaga Creekwalk]] borders this, connecting the [[Lakefront, Syracuse|Lakefront]], [[Inner Harbor, Syracuse|Inner Harbor]], [[Franklin Square, Syracuse|Franklin Square]] and [[Armory Square]] neighborhoods. The creek continues through the [[North Valley, Syracuse|Valley]] and ultimately to the [[Onondaga Nation]]. The creek is navigable, but it can be a challenge. Its channelized nature speeds up its flow, particularly in the spring, when it may be dangerous. After some youngsters drowned in the creek, some residential areas fenced-off the creek in their neighborhoods.<gallery mode="packed"> File:Onondaga Creekwalk Franklin Square.jpg|alt=|[[Onondaga Creekwalk]] File:Ice-skating-Clinton-Square-Syracuse.JPG|alt=|Winter in Syracuse </gallery> === Neighborhoods === {{Unreferenced section|date=August 2019}} {{update|section|date=July 2018}} [[File:Syracuse Neighborhoods Labeled.gif|thumb|The 26 Syracuse neighborhoods]] {{Further|15th Ward (Syracuse, New York)|label1=15th Ward}} The City of Syracuse officially recognizes 26 [[Neighbourhood|neighborhoods]] within its boundaries. Some of these have small additional neighborhoods and districts inside of them. In addition, Syracuse also owns and operates [[Syracuse Hancock International Airport]] on the territory of four towns north of the city. Syracuse's neighborhoods reflect the historically ethnic and multicultural population. Traditionally, Irish, Polish and Ukrainian Americans settled on its west side (see [[Tipperary Hill]]); Jewish Americans on its east side; German and Italian Americans on the north side; and African-Americans on its south side. In recent years, large numbers of refugees from the Middle East have settled mainly on the north side as well. === Climate === [[File:Syracuse Weather Statistics.png|thumb|right|Syracuse's weather averages]] Syracuse has a [[hot-summer humid continental climate]] (''[[Köppen climate classification|Dfa]]''), as mean July temperatures are just above the {{cvt|71.6|°F}} threshold needed for a hot-summer climate. The city is known for its high snowfall, {{convert|115.6|in|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} on average;<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20020219075528/http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/snowfall.html Snowfall – Average Total In Inches]", [[NOAA]], June 23, 2004</ref> Syracuse receives the most annual average snow of any metropolitan area in the United States.<ref>Cappella, Chris: "[https://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/askjack/2003-10-01-snowiest-cities_x.htm Answers: 10 snowiest 'cities' aren't all in New York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012221017/http://www.usatoday.com/weather/resources/askjack/2003-10-01-snowiest-cities_x.htm |date=October 12, 2011 }}", ''[[USA Today]]'', October 3, 2003</ref><ref>Kirst, Sean: "We won't buckle under the Snowbelt's blows", ''[[Post-Standard]]'', March 14, 2005</ref> Syracuse usually wins the [[Golden Snowball Award]] among Upstate cities. Its record seasonal (July 1 to June 30 of the following year) snowfall so far is {{convert|192.1|in|m|abbr=on}} during the winter of 1992–93, while the snowiest calendar month was January 2004, with {{convert|78.1|in|m|abbr=on}} accumulated.<ref name="NWS Binghamton, NY" /> The high snowfall is a result of the city receiving both heavy snow from the [[lake effect snow|lake effect]] of nearby [[Lake Ontario]] (of the Great Lakes) and [[nor'easter]] snow from storms driven from the Atlantic Ocean. Snow most often falls in small (about {{convert|1|-|3|in|cm|abbr=off|disp=or}}), almost daily doses, over a period of several days. Larger snowfalls do occur occasionally, and even more so in the northern suburbs. The [[Storm of the Century (1993)|Blizzard of 1993]] was described as the Storm of the Century. Some {{convert|42.9|in|cm|abbr=on}} fell on the city within 48 hours, with {{convert|35.6|in|cm|abbr=on}} falling within the first 24 hours. Syracuse received more snow than any other city in the country during this storm, which shattered a total of eight local records, including the most snow in a single snowstorm.<ref>Staff Reports: "A Storm for the records – Blizzard of 1993 brought 42.9 inches", ''[[Post-Standard]]'', December 31, 2003</ref> A second notable snowfall was the [[Blizzard of 1966]], with {{convert|42.3|in|cm|abbr=on}}. The Blizzard of '58 occurred in February (16–17th) across Oswego and Onondaga counties. This storm was classified as a blizzard due to the high winds, blowing snow, and cold; {{convert|26.1|in|cm|abbr=on}} of snow was measured at Syracuse and drifts reached {{convert|20|ft|abbr=on}} in Oswego County. (See Thirtieth Publication of the Oswego County Historical Society, (1969) and The Climate and Snow Climatology of Oswego N.Y., (1971) <!--Source not used on Feb 1958:<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Snow in the Cities: A History of America's Urban Response|author=McKelvey, B.|date=1995|publisher=University of Rochester Press|isbn=978-1-878822-54-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx9CZkssBfIC&pg=PA133|page=133|access-date=August 1, 2015}}</ref>--> Syracuse on average receives an annual precipitation of {{convert|38.47|in|mm|abbr=off|sp=us}}, with the months of July through September being the wettest in terms of total precipitation,<ref name="NWS Binghamton, NY" /> while precipitation occurs on more days each month during the snow season.<ref name="NCDC text KSYR" /> The normal monthly mean temperature ranges from {{convert|23.6|F|1}} in January to {{convert|71.3|F|1}} in July.<ref name="NWS Binghamton, NY" /> The record high of {{convert|102|F|0}} was recorded on July 9, 1936, and the record low of {{convert|-26|F|0}} has occurred three times since 1942, the last being February 18, 1979.<ref name="NWS Binghamton, NY" /> In the early 21st century, a handful of previous heat records have been broken in the city. For example, July 2020 became the hottest month on record, with a mean temperature of {{convert|77.1|F|1}}, while the summers (June–August) of 2005, 2020, and 2012 were, respectively, the hottest, third-hottest, and fourth-hottest summers on record.<ref name="xmacis">{{cite web |url=http://xmacis.rcc-acis.org/ |title=xmACIS2 |publisher=NOAA Regional Climate Centers |access-date=August 24, 2020 |quote=Use "Seasonal Time Series" or "Extremes" |archive-date=August 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815183401/http://xmacis.rcc-acis.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 31, 2020|title=CNY's hot, hot summer fell just short of record-breaking|url=https://www.syracuse.com/weather/2020/08/cnys-hot-hot-summer-fell-just-short-of-record-breaking.html|access-date=December 21, 2020|website=syracuse|language=en|archive-date=April 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418181819/https://www.syracuse.com/weather/2020/08/cnys-hot-hot-summer-fell-just-short-of-record-breaking.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally, 2017 and 2018 saw consecutive monthly high temperature records broken in February, of {{convert|71|F}} on February 24, 2017,<ref name="warmfebs">{{cite news|author=Glenn Coin|date=February 21, 2018|title=Syracuse is basking in its warmest February day on record|work=syracuse.com|url=http://www.syracuse.com/weather/index.ssf/2018/02/syracuse_just_tied_for_the_warmest_february_day_on_record.html|access-date=May 14, 2018|archive-date=May 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514141920/http://www.syracuse.com/weather/index.ssf/2018/02/syracuse_just_tied_for_the_warmest_february_day_on_record.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and {{convert|75|F}} on February 21, 2018,<ref name="warmestfeb" /> in addition to four consecutive days at or above {{convert|60|F}}.<ref name="warmfebs" /> The latter was the warmest winter day on record.<ref name="warmestfeb">{{cite news |url=http://www.syracuse.com/weather/index.ssf/2018/02/today_is_warmest_winter_day_in_syracuse_in_at_least_115_years.html |title=Today is warmest winter day in Syracuse in at least 115 years |date=February 21, 2018 |author=Glenn Coin |access-date=May 14, 2018 |archive-date=May 14, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514141815/http://www.syracuse.com/weather/index.ssf/2018/02/today_is_warmest_winter_day_in_syracuse_in_at_least_115_years.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <section begin="weather box" />{{Weather box|location = [[Syracuse Hancock International Airport]], New York (1991–2020 normals,{{efn|Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.}} extremes 1902–present{{efn|Official records for Syracuse kept at downtown from August 1902 to April 1938, [[Syracuse Municipal Airport]] from May 1938 to September 17, 1949, and at Syracuse Hancock Int'l since September 18, 1949.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/|title=Threaded Extremes|website=threadex.rcc-acis.org|access-date=November 26, 2021|archive-date=May 19, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519074347/http://threadex.rcc-acis.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}) |collapsed = Y |single line = Y |Jan record high F = 70 |Feb record high F = 75 |Mar record high F = 87 |Apr record high F = 92 |May record high F = 96 |Jun record high F = 100 |Jul record high F = 102 |Aug record high F = 101 |Sep record high F = 98 |Oct record high F = 89 |Nov record high F = 81 |Dec record high F = 72 |year record high F = 102 <!-- To calculate avg record high, go to monthly summarized data, choose 1991-2020 as year range, max temp as variable, and daily maximum under summary and values are obtained under "mean" --> |Jan avg record high F = 57.1 |Feb avg record high F = 54.3 |Mar avg record high F = 66.9 |Apr avg record high F = 80.6 |May avg record high F = 87.8 |Jun avg record high F = 91.2 |Jul avg record high F = 92.8 |Aug avg record high F = 91.4 |Sep avg record high F = 88.4 |Oct avg record high F = 79.6 |Nov avg record high F = 68.7 |Dec avg record high F = 59.1 |year avg record high F = 94.3 |Jan high F = 31.7 |Feb high F = 33.6 |Mar high F = 42.4 |Apr high F = 56.4 |May high F = 69.2 |Jun high F = 77.3 |Jul high F = 81.7 |Aug high F = 80.3 |Sep high F = 73.1 |Oct high F = 60.1 |Nov high F = 48.3 |Dec high F = 37.1 |year high F = 57.6 |Jan mean F = 24.1 |Feb mean F = 25.5 |Mar mean F = 33.8 |Apr mean F = 46.3 |May mean F = 58.2 |Jun mean F = 67.0 |Jul mean F = 71.8 |Aug mean F = 70.4 |Sep mean F = 62.9 |Oct mean F = 51.3 |Nov mean F = 40.5 |Dec mean F = 30.4 |year mean F = 48.5 |Jan low F = 16.5 |Feb low F = 17.5 |Mar low F = 25.2 |Apr low F = 36.2 |May low F = 47.3 |Jun low F = 56.7 |Jul low F = 62.0 |Aug low F = 60.4 |Sep low F = 52.7 |Oct low F = 42.4 |Nov low F = 32.7 |Dec low F = 23.7 |year low F = 39.4 <!-- To calculate avg record low, go to monthly summarized data, choose 1991-2020 as year range, min as variable, and daily minium under summary and values are obtained under "mean" --> |Jan avg record low F = -6.1 |Feb avg record low F = -3.0 |Mar avg record low F = 5.3 |Apr avg record low F = 23.2 |May avg record low F = 34.1 |Jun avg record low F = 43.9 |Jul avg record low F = 51.9 |Aug avg record low F = 49.3 |Sep avg record low F = 38.0 |Oct avg record low F = 28.8 |Nov avg record low F = 17.5 |Dec avg record low F = 3.6 |year avg record low F = -9.6 |Jan record low F = −26 |Feb record low F = −26 |Mar record low F = −16 |Apr record low F = 7 |May record low F = 25 |Jun record low F = 34 |Jul record low F = 44 |Aug record low F = 38 |Sep record low F = 25 |Oct record low F = 18 |Nov record low F = -1 |Dec record low F = −26 |year record low F = -26 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation inch = 2.58 |Feb precipitation inch = 2.46 |Mar precipitation inch = 3.04 |Apr precipitation inch = 3.48 |May precipitation inch = 3.42 |Jun precipitation inch = 3.56 |Jul precipitation inch = 3.86 |Aug precipitation inch = 3.70 |Sep precipitation inch = 3.38 |Oct precipitation inch = 3.89 |Nov precipitation inch = 3.23 |Dec precipitation inch = 3.28 |year precipitation inch = 39.88 |Jan snow inch = 34.0 |Feb snow inch = 30.3 |Mar snow inch = 19.8 |Apr snow inch = 3.0 |May snow inch = 0.1 |Jun snow inch = 0.0 |Jul snow inch = 0.0 |Aug snow inch = 0.0 |Sep snow inch = 0.0 |Oct snow inch = 0.2 |Nov snow inch = 9.8 |Dec snow inch = 30.6 |year snow inch = 127.8 |Jan snow depth inch = 12.9 |Feb snow depth inch = 13.5 |Mar snow depth inch = 11.1 |Apr snow depth inch = 1.4 |May snow depth inch = 0.0 |Jun snow depth inch = 0.0 |Jul snow depth inch = 0.0 |Aug snow depth inch = 0.0 |Sep snow depth inch = 0.0 |Oct snow depth inch = 0.0 |Nov snow depth inch = 4.1 |Dec snow depth inch = 9.9 |year snow depth inch = 18.5 |unit precipitation days = 0.01 in |Jan precipitation days = 18.9 |Feb precipitation days = 16.6 |Mar precipitation days = 15.5 |Apr precipitation days = 14.5 |May precipitation days = 13.2 |Jun precipitation days = 12.0 |Jul precipitation days = 11.7 |Aug precipitation days = 10.7 |Sep precipitation days = 11.1 |Oct precipitation days = 15.1 |Nov precipitation days = 15.9 |Dec precipitation days = 18.5 |year precipitation days = 173.7 |unit snow days = 0.1 in |Jan snow days = 17.8 |Feb snow days = 15.2 |Mar snow days = 10.1 |Apr snow days = 2.5 |May snow days = 0.1 |Jun snow days = 0.0 |Jul snow days = 0.0 |Aug snow days = 0.0 |Sep snow days = 0.0 |Oct snow days = 0.3 |Nov snow days = 5.9 |Dec snow days = 13.6 |year snow days = 65.5 |Jan humidity = 73.2 |Feb humidity = 72.3 |Mar humidity = 69.6 |Apr humidity = 65.2 |May humidity = 67.1 |Jun humidity = 69.9 |Jul humidity = 70.5 |Aug humidity = 74.9 |Sep humidity = 76.4 |Oct humidity = 74.3 |Nov humidity = 75.4 |Dec humidity = 76.8 |Jan sun = 102.8 |Feb sun = 116.7 |Mar sun = 172.5 |Apr sun = 204.4 |May sun = 243.1 |Jun sun = 260.6 |Jul sun = 289.3 |Aug sun = 247.1 |Sep sun = 193.0 |Oct sun = 144.3 |Nov sun = 76.7 |Dec sun = 69.0 |Jan percentsun = 35 |Feb percentsun = 40 |Mar percentsun = 47 |Apr percentsun = 51 |May percentsun = 53 |Jun percentsun = 57 |Jul percentsun = 62 |Aug percentsun = 57 |Sep percentsun = 51 |Oct percentsun = 42 |Nov percentsun = 26 |Dec percentsun = 25 |year percentsun = 48 | Jan dew point C = −9.3 | Feb dew point C = −8.7 | Mar dew point C = −4.4 | Apr dew point C = 0.7 | May dew point C = 7.3 | Jun dew point C = 12.8 | Jul dew point C = 15.5 | Aug dew point C = 15.4 | Sep dew point C = 11.7 | Oct dew point C = 5.4 | Nov dew point C = 0.4 | Dec dew point C = −5.7 |source 1 = NOAA (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961–1990)<ref name="NWS Binghamton, NY">{{cite web |url = http://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=bgm |title = NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |access-date = May 4, 2021 |archive-date = January 11, 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190111204219/https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=bgm |url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="NCDC text KSYR">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505024707/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00014771&format=pdf |archive-date=May 5, 2021 |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00014771&format=pdf |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |title=Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020 |access-date=May 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name="WMO KSYR">{{cite web | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72519.TXT | title = WMO Climate Normals for SYRACUSE/HANCOCK INT'L ARPT NY 1961–1990 | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | access-date = September 4, 2020 | archive-date = July 21, 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200721085446/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72519.TXT | url-status = live }}</ref> }}<section end="weather box" /> {{Graph:Weather monthly history | table=Ncei.noaa.gov/weather/Syracuse, New York.tab | title=Syracuse monthly weather statistics }}
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