Editing Syr Darya (section)

==History==
[[Image:Bridges in Khujand.jpg|thumb|Syr Darya River at Khujand]]
When the Macedonian army of [[Alexander the Great]] reached the Jaxartes in 329 BC, after travelling through [[Bactria]] and [[Sogdia]] without encountering any opposition, they met with the first instances of native resistance to their presence. In October 329 BC the Macedonians fought the [[Battle of Jaxartes]] against the [[Saka]], killing some 1,200 combatants including the leader of the nomads. Alexander was forced to retire south to deal with a revolt in [[Sogdia]]. Alexander was wounded in the fighting that ensued and the native tribes took to attacking the Macedonian garrisons stationed in their towns. As the revolt against Alexander intensified it spread through Sogdia, plunging it into two years of warfare, the intensity of which surpassed any other conflict of the ''[[Anabasis Alexandri]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Holt |first1= Frank Lee |title= Alexander the Great and Bactria: The Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia |date= 1989 |publisher= Brill |page= 53 |isbn= 90-04-08612-9 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VSA4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA53 |access-date= 31 March 2019}}</ref>  

On the shores of the Syr Darya, Alexander placed a garrison in the City of [[Cyrus the Great|Cyrus]] ([[Cyropolis]] in Greek), which he then renamed after himself [[Alexandria Eschate]]—"Alexandria the furthest"—in 329&nbsp;BC. For most of its history since at least the [[Muslim conquest of Transoxiana|Muslim conquest of Central Asia]] in the 7th to 8th centuries AD, the name of this city (in present-day [[Tajikistan]]) has been [[Khujand]].

In the mid-19th century, during the [[Russian conquest of Turkestan]], the [[Russian Empire]] introduced steam navigation to the Syr Darya, initially from [[Fort Raim]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gucheval-Claugny |first1=M. |title=l'Asie Centrale Et Le Réveil De La Question D'Orient |journal=Revue des Deux Mondes (1829-1971) |date=1877 |volume=21 |issue=2 |page=409 |jstor=44751873  |issn=0035-1962}}</ref> but with an important river port at Kazalinsk ([[Kazaly]]) from 1847 to 1882, when service ceased.

During the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] era, a resource-sharing system was instituted in which Kyrgyzstan and [[Tajikistan]] shared water originating from the [[Amu Darya]] and Syr Darya rivers with [[Kazakhstan]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Uzbekistan]] in summer. In return, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan received Kazakh, Turkmen, and Uzbek coal, gas, and electricity in winter. After the 1991 [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union |fall of the Soviet Union]], this system disintegrated and the [[Central Asia]]n nations have failed to reinstate it. Inadequate infrastructure, poor water-management, and outdated irrigation methods all exacerbate the issue.<ref>
International Crisis Group. "[http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/central-asia/233-water-pressures-in-central-asia.pdf Water Pressures in Central Asia]", [http://www.crisisgroup.org CrisisGroup.org]. 11 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
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In 2012, the [[Syrdarya–Turkestan State Regional Natural Park]] was opened in  Kazakhstan, in hopes of protecting the river plain ecosystems, archaeological sites, and historical-cultural monuments, as well as plants and animal species, some of which are rare or endangered.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Сырдарья-Туркестанский государственный региональный природный парк |trans-title=Syrdarya-Turkestan State Regional Natural Park, The History of the Creation of the Regional Park |url=http://bio.tsu.ru/node/6298 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=Биологический Институт |publisher=[[Tomsk State University]] |language=ru}}</ref>