Editing Synecdoche (section)

==Classification==
Synecdoche is often used as a type of [[personification]] by attaching a human aspect to a nonhuman thing. It is used in reference to political relations, including "having a footing", to mean a country or organization is in a position to act, or "the wrong hands", to describe opposing groups, usually in the context of military power.<ref name="Political Metaphors" >{{cite web |title=President Obama's State of the Union Address |work=Metaphors in American Politics |url=http://www.politicalmetaphors.com/tag/synecdoche/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305010025/http://www.politicalmetaphors.com/tag/synecdoche/ |archive-date=5 March 2014 |access-date=2 January 2019}}</ref>

The two main types of synecdoche are ''microcosm'' and ''macrocosm''. A microcosm uses a part of something to refer to the entirety.<ref name="jstor.org">{{cite journal |last=Burke |first=Kenneth |title=Four Master Tropes |journal=[[The Kenyon Review]] |volume=3 |number=4 |publisher=[[Kenyon College]] |page=426 |jstor=4332286 |year=1941 }}</ref> An example of this is saying "I need a hand" with a project, but needing the entire person.<ref name="Enelow">{{cite web |last=Enelow |first=David |title=The Four Master Tropes |publisher=Head-Royce School |access-date=30 October 2014 |url=http://faculty.headroyce.org/~denelow/English%2011/rhetoric/Mastertropes.html |archive-date=8 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108181439/http://faculty.headroyce.org/~denelow/English%2011/rhetoric/Mastertropes.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A macrocosm is the opposite, using the name of the entire structure of something to refer to a small part.<ref name="jstor.org"/> An example of this is saying "the world" while referring to a ''certain country'' or part of the planet.<ref name="Enelow"/>
The figure of speech is divided into the image (what the speaker uses to refer to something) and the subject (what is referred to).

[[Sonnet]]s and other forms of love poetry frequently use synecdoches to characterize the beloved in terms of individual body parts rather than a coherent whole. This practice is especially common in the [[Petrarchan sonnet]], where the idealised beloved is often described part by part, head-to-toe.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

Synecdoche is also popular in advertising. Since synecdoche uses a part to represent a whole, its use requires the audience to make associations and "fill in the gaps", engaging with the ad by thinking about the product.<ref name="Chandler" >{{cite book |last=Chandler |first=Daniel |title=Semiotics: the Basics |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |year=2007 |pages=132–133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utd_AgAAQBAJ&q=Barthes%201974%2C%20162%3B&pg=PT126 |isbn=978-1-134-32476-7}}</ref> Moreover, catching the attention of an audience with advertising is often referred to by advertisers with the synecdoche "getting eyeballs".<ref name="Bureman" >{{cite web |title=Synecdoche: The Art of Getting Eyeballs |first=Liz |last=Bureman |url=http://thewritepractice.com/synecdoche/ |work=The Write Practice |access-date=2 January 2019|date=2013-09-24 }}</ref> Synecdoche is common in spoken English, especially in reference to sports. The names of cities are used as shorthand for their sports teams to describe events and their outcomes, such as "Denver won Monday's game," while accuracy would require specifying the sports team's name.<ref name="Bureman" />

[[Kenneth Burke]] (1945), an American&nbsp;[[Literary theory|literary theorist]], declared that in [[rhetoric]], the four master [[Trope (literature)|tropes]], or [[figures of speech]], are [[metaphor]], [[metonymy]], synecdoche, and [[irony]]. Burke's primary concern with these four master tropes is more than simply their figurative usage, but includes their role in the discovery and description of the truth.<ref name="Burke 1945 503">{{cite book|last=Burke|first=Kenneth|title=A Grammar of Motives|year=1945|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=New York|page=503}}</ref> He described synecdoche as "part for the whole, whole for the part, container for the contained, sign for the thing signified, material for the thing made… cause for the effect, effect for the cause, genus for the species, species for the genus".<ref>{{cite book|last=Burke|first=Kenneth|title=A Grammar of Motives|year=1945|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=New York|pages=507–508}}</ref> In addition, Burke suggests synecdoche patterns can include reversible pairs such as disease-cure.<ref name="Burke 1945 508">{{cite book|last=Burke|first=Kenneth|title=A Grammar of Motives|year=1945|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=New York|page=508}}</ref> Burke proclaimed the noblest synecdoche is found in the description of "[[microcosm and macrocosm]]" since microcosm is related to macrocosm as part to the whole, and either the whole can represent the part or the part can represent the whole".<ref name="Burke 1945 508" /> Burke compares synecdoche with the concept of "representation", especially in the political sense in which [[representative democracy|elected representatives]] stand in ''pars pro toto'' for their electorate.<ref name="Burke 1945 503" />