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Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)
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===Composition=== The [[Philharmonic Society of London]] originally commissioned the symphony in 1817.<ref>[[Maynard Solomon|Solomon, Maynard]]. ''Beethoven''. New York: Schirmer Books, 1997, p. 251.</ref> Beethoven made preliminary sketches for the work later that year with the [[key (music)|key]] set as D minor and vocal participation also forecast. The main composition work was done between autumn, 1822 and the completion of the autograph in February, 1824.<ref>[[Breitkopf & Härtel|Breitkopf]] [[Urtext edition|Urtext]], Beethoven: [http://www.breitkopf.com/feature/download/3738/3667 Symphonie Nr. 9 d-moll] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401012840/http://www.breitkopf.com/feature/download/3738/3667 |date=1 April 2012 }}, op. 125, pbl.: Hauschild, Peter, p. VIII</ref> The symphony emerged from other pieces by Beethoven that, while completed works in their own right, are also in some sense forerunners of the future symphony. The [[Choral Fantasy (Beethoven)|''Choral Fantasy'']], Op. 80, composed in 1808, basically an extended [[piano concerto]] movement, brings in a choir and vocal soloists for the climax. The vocal forces sing a theme first played instrumentally, and this theme is reminiscent of the corresponding theme in the Ninth Symphony. Going further back, an earlier version of the Choral Fantasy theme is found in the song "[[Gegenliebe]]" ("Returned Love") for piano and high voice, which dates from before 1795.{{sfn|Hopkins|1981|p=249}} According to Robert W. Gutman, [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s Offertory in D minor, "Misericordias Domini", K. 222, written in 1775, contains a melody that foreshadows "Ode to Joy".<ref>Robert W. Gutman, ''Mozart: A Cultural Biography'', 1999, p. 344</ref>
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