Editing Surveyor 3 (section)

==Science instruments==

===Television===
The television camera on Surveyor 3 consisted of a [[vidicon]] tube, two 25 and 100 millimeter [[focal length]] lenses, [[Shutter (photography)|shutter]]s, clear, red, green and blue [[Optical filter|optical filters]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19690027073_1969027073.pdf |title=NASA SP-184 - SURVEYOR Program Results |date=1969 |publisher=NASA |pages=109}}</ref> and an [[Diaphragm (optics)|iris]] mounted along an axis inclined about 16 degrees to the central axis of the spacecraft. The TV camera was mounted under a mirror that could be moved in [[azimuth]] (horizontally) and elevation (vertically). The operation of the camera was completely dependent upon the receipt of proper commands from the Earth. Frame-by-frame coverage of the lunar surface was obtained over the complete 360 degrees in azimuth, and from +40 degrees above the plane normal to the camera's Z-axis to −65 degrees below this plane. Both 600-line and 200-line modes of TV camera operation were used. The 200-line mode transmitted over an [[omnidirectional antenna]] and scanned one frame every 61.8 seconds. A complete video transmission of each 200-line picture required 20 seconds and used a bandwidth of 1.2&nbsp;kHz. The 600-line pictures were transmitted over a [[directional antenna]]. These pictures were scanned as often as once every 3.6 seconds. Each 600-line picture required a nominal one second to be read from the image vidicon, and its transmission required a 220&nbsp;kHz bandwidth, using digital picture transmission. The TV photos were displayed back on the Earth on a slow-scan TV monitor that was coated with a long-persistence [[phosphor]]. Its persistence had been selected to match the nominal maximum [[frame rate]]. One frame of TV identification was received for each incoming TV photo, and the picture was displayed in real-time at a rate compatible with that of the incoming image. These data were recorded on a video magnetic-tape recorder. The camera returned 6315 pictures between April 20 and May 3, 1967, including views of the spacecraft itself, panoramic lunar surveys, views of the mechanical surface digger at work, and of an [[April 1967 lunar eclipse|April 24 eclipse of the Sun by the Earth]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1967-035A|title=NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|access-date=August 14, 2017}}</ref>

The Apollo 12 Lunar Module landed near Surveyor 3 on November 19, 1969. Astronauts Conrad and Bean examined the spacecraft, and they brought back about {{convert|10|kg|lb|order=flip}} of parts of the Surveyor to the Earth, including its TV camera, which is now on permanent display in the [[National Air and Space Museum]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]

Analysis of the camera found that it withstood 947 days in the vacuum of space, including 32 two-week lunar nights with temperatures dropping below {{cvt|-200|F|C|sigfig=2}}, in good condition. Most major components were functional and undamaged. Some changes were caused by temperature extremes, micrometeorite strikes, and manufacturing errors.<ref>https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19710024418/downloads/19710024418.pdf</ref> The recovered sampler scoop was also in good condition with little change other than some sun-induced fading of the paint.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1971LPSC....2.2743S | bibcode=1971LPSC....2.2743S | title=Examination of returned Surveyor III surface sampler | last1=Scott | first1=R. F. | last2=Zuckerman | first2=K. A. | journal=Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Proceedings | date=1971 | volume=2 | page=2743 }}</ref>

<gallery heights="140px" mode="packed">
File:Surveyor 3 Fig 7-41b1.jpg|Panorama of the mare surface
File:Surveyor 3 Fig 3-44.jpg|Angular blocks, up to {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=off|order=flip|spell=us|sigfig=1}} in diameter, which form part of a strewn field of blocks that surround a sharp-rim crater {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=off|order=flip|spell=us|sigfig=1}} in diameter
File:Surveyor 3 Fig 7-41b2.jpg|Similar view but with different lighting
File:Surveyor 3 Fig 3-53.jpg|Blocky fragments on north wall of crater in which the spacecraft is located
</gallery>

===Soil mechanics surface sampler===
The soil mechanics surface sampler was designed to dig, scrape, and trench the lunar surface and to transport lunar surface material while being photographed so that the properties of the lunar surface could be determined. The sampler was mounted below the television camera and consisted primarily of a scoop approximately {{convert|120|mm|in|order=flip}} long and {{convert|50|mm|in|order=flip}} wide. The scoop consisted of a container, a sharpened blade, and an [[electric motor]] to open and close the container. A small footpad was attached to the scoop door to present a flat surface to the lunar surface. The scoop was capable of holding a maximum quantity of approximately {{convert|32|mm|in|order=flip}} diameter of solid lunar material and a maximum of {{convert|100|cm3|in3|order=flip}} of granular material. The scoop was mounted on a [[pantograph]] arm that could be extended about {{convert|1.5|m|ft|order=flip|sigfig=1}} or retracted close to the spacecraft motor drive. The arm could also be moved from an azimuth of +40 to -72&nbsp;degrees or be elevated {{convert|130|mm|in|order=flip}} by motor drives. It could also be dropped onto the lunar surface under force provided by gravity and a spring. The surface sampler performed seven bearing tests, four trench tests, and thirteen impact tests. The total operating time was 18&nbsp;hours, 22&nbsp;minutes on ten separate occasions. Measurements of motor currents and forces applied to the surface were not obtained due to the state of the spacecraft [[telemetry]] following landing on the lunar surface. However, estimations were possible. The small [[spring constant]] of the torque spring precluded the determination of density from the impact tests. Penetrations of {{cvt|38|to|50|mm|in|order=flip}} were obtained from the bearing tests, and a {{cvt|175|mm|in|order=flip}} depth was reached during trenching operations. The design of the mechanism and its electronic auxiliary was more than adequate for the lunar surface operations.{{citation_needed|date=July 2019}} The scoop was also returned to Earth by the Apollo 12 astronauts and is currently on display at [[JPL]].

<gallery mode="packed" heights="140">
File:NASM-SI-2007-29754.jpg|An engineering model of Surveyor 3, S-10, used for thermal control tests, reconfigured to represent a flight model of Surveyor 3 or later, at the [[National Air and Space Museum]] (NASM)
File:NASM-A19700294000-NASM2018-02492.jpg|Three-quarter view from below of Surveyor engineering model (NASM)
File:Surveyor3camera.jpg|Surveyor 3 camera brought back from the Moon by Apollo 12, on display at NASM
File:Surveyor3scooping.jpg|Surveyor 3 scoops, photographed by the Apollo 12 astronauts
File:Surveyor 3 Soil Mechanics Surface Sampler.jpg|Soil mechanics surface sampler from the Surveyor 3 spacecraft returned to Earth by the crew of Apollo 12
</gallery>