Editing Surrealism (section)

===Surrealist Manifestos===
[[File:Yvan Goll, Surréalisme, Manifeste du surréalisme, Volume 1, Number 1, October 1, 1924, cover by Robert Delaunay.jpg|thumb|[[Yvan Goll]], ''Surréalisme'', ''Manifeste du surréalisme'',<ref name="Surréalisme">{{Cite web|url=https://bluemountain.princeton.edu/bluemtn/cgi-bin/bluemtn?a=d&d=bmtnaaj19241001-01&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------|title=Surréalisme 1 October 1924 — Princeton Blue Mountain collection|website=bluemountain.princeton.edu}}</ref> Volume 1, Number 1, October 1, 1924, cover by [[Robert Delaunay]]]]
{{main|Surrealist Manifesto}}
Leading up to 1924, two rival surrealist groups had formed. Each group claimed to be successors of a revolution launched by Apollinaire. One group, led by [[Yvan Goll]], consisted of [[Pierre Albert-Birot]], [[Paul Dermée]], [[Céline Arnauld]], [[Francis Picabia]], [[Tristan Tzara]], [[Giuseppe Ungaretti]], [[Pierre Reverdy]], [[Marcel Arland]], [[Joseph Delteil]], [[Jean Painlevé]] and [[Robert Delaunay]], among others.<ref name="Durozoi">{{Cite web|url=https://press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/174115.html|title=Durozoi, History of the Surrealist Movement, excerpt|website=press.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

The other group, led by Breton, included Aragon, Desnos, Éluard, Baron, Crevel, Malkine, [[Jacques-André Boiffard]] and Jean Carrive, among others.<ref>André Breton, ''Manifestoes of Surrealism'', transl. Richard Seaver and Helen R. Lane (Ann Arbor, 1971), p. 26.</ref>

Yvan Goll published the ''Manifeste du surréalisme'', 1 October 1924, in his first and only issue of ''Surréalisme''<ref name="Surréalisme" /> two weeks prior to the release of Breton's ''Manifeste du surréalisme'', published by Éditions du Sagittaire, 15 October 1924.

Goll and Breton clashed openly, at one point literally fighting, at the Comédie des Champs-Élysées,<ref name="Durozoi" /> over the rights to the term Surrealism. In the end, Breton won the battle through tactical and numerical superiority.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/projects/the-ahrb-centre-for-studies-of-surrealism-and-its-legacies-project(9182d222-4cfe-489b-a944-4998933b322c).html|title=The AHRB Centre for Studies of Surrealism and its Legacies. &#124; Research Explorer &#124; The University of Manchester|website=www.research.manchester.ac.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ERMoAyKPKqsC&q=the+first+surrealist+manifesto%2C+Yvan+goll&pg=PA8|title=Yvan Goll—Claire Goll: Texts and Contexts|first1=Eric|last1=Robertson|first2=Robert|last2=Vilain|date=April 6, 1997|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=0854571833|via=Google Books}}</ref> Though the quarrel over the anteriority of Surrealism concluded with the victory of Breton, the history of surrealism from that moment would remain marked by fractures, resignations, and resounding excommunications, with each surrealist having their own view of the issue and goals, and accepting more or less the definitions laid out by André Breton.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lettresvolees.fr/eluard/surrealisme.html|title=Man Ray / Paul Eluard – Les Mains libres – 1937 – Qu'est-ce que le surréalisme ?|website=www.lettresvolees.fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01gJAajH9m0C&q=manifeste+du+surr%C3%A9alisme%2C+%22La+r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9+est+la+base+de+tout+grand+art%22&pg=PA472|title=La création artistique espagnole à l'épreuve de la modernité esthétique européenne, 1898–1931|first=Denis|last=Vigneron|date=April 6, 2009|publisher=Editions Publibook|isbn=9782748348347|via=Google Books}}</ref>

Breton's 1924 ''Surrealist Manifesto'' defines the purposes of Surrealism. He included citations of the influences on Surrealism, examples of Surrealist works, and discussion of Surrealist automatism. He provided the following definitions:

{{blockquote|'''Dictionary:''' Surrealism, n. Pure psychic automatism, by which one proposes to express, either verbally, in writing, or by any other manner, the real functioning of thought. Dictation of thought in the absence of all control exercised by reason, outside of all aesthetic and moral preoccupation.<br /><br />
'''Encyclopedia:''' Surrealism. Philosophy. Surrealism is based on the belief in the superior reality of certain forms of previously neglected associations, in the omnipotence of dream, in the disinterested play of thought. It tends to ruin once and for all other psychic mechanisms and to substitute itself for them in solving all the principal problems of life.<ref name="Manifesto of Surrealism" />}}