Editing Supercavitation (section)

==Applications==
The [[Russian Navy]] developed the [[VA-111 Shkval]] [[List of supercavitating torpedoes|supercavitation torpedo]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.articlesextra.com/supercavitation-torpedoes.htm|title=Shkval Torpedoes (Barracudas) and super-cavitation – A loophole in physics alarms submarine crew|website=www.articlesextra.com|date=27 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.periscope.ucg.com/mdb-smpl/weapons/minetorp/torpedo/w0004768.shtml#pictures%7B%7Bdead+link%7Cdate=January+2018+%7Cbot=InternetArchiveBot+%7Cfix-attempted=yes+%7D%7D|title=Ucg.com|website=www.periscope.ucg.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031215221055/http://www.periscope.ucg.com/mdb-smpl/weapons/minetorp/torpedo/w0004768.shtml#pictures%7B%7Bdead+link%7Cdate=January+2018+%7Cbot=InternetArchiveBot+%7Cfix-attempted=yes+%7D%7D|archive-date=2003-12-15|access-date=2010-03-23}}</ref> which uses rocket propulsion and exceeds the speed of conventional torpedoes by at least a factor of five. NII-24 began development in 1960 under the code name "Шквал" (Squall). The VA-111 Shkval has been in service (exclusively in the Russian Navy) since 1977 with mass production starting in 1978. Several models were developed, with the most successful, the M-5, completed by 1972. From 1972 to 1977, over 300 test launches were conducted (95% of them on [[Issyk Kul|Issyk Kul lake]]).{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}

In 2006, [[Germany|German]] weapons manufacturer [[Diehl BGT Defence]] announced their own [[Superkavitierender Unterwasserlaufkörper|supercavitating torpedo]], the Barracuda, now officially named ''{{lang|de|Superkavitierender Unterwasserlaufkörper}}'' ({{langx|en|supercavitating underwater projectile}}). According to Diehl, it reaches speeds greater than {{convert|400|km/h}}.<ref name="diehl">{{Cite web |url=http://www.diehl-bgt-defence.de/index.php?id=550 |title=Diehl BGT Defence: Unterwasserlaufkörper |access-date=2006-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825164316/http://www.diehl-bgt-defence.de/index.php?id=550 |archive-date=2009-08-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1994, the [[United States Navy]] began development of the Rapid Airborne Mine Clearance System (RAMICS), a [[Naval mine|sea mine]] [[Demining|clearance]] system invented by C Tech Defense Corporation. The system is based on a supercavitating projectile stable in both air and water. RAMICS projectiles have been produced in diameters of {{convert|12.7|mm|in|abbr=}}, {{convert|20|mm|in}}, and {{convert|30|mm|in}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/mk258.htm|title=MK258 Armor Piercing, Fin Stabilized, Discarding Sabot-Tracer (APFSDS-T) Hydroballistic Ammo Anti-Mine Projectile|website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> The projectile's terminal ballistic design enables the explosive destruction of sea mines as deep as {{convert|45|m|ft|sp=us}} with a single round.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ctechdefense.com/projects.html|title=C Tech Defense Projects: airborne laser targeting and super cavitating projectile technologies|website=www.ctechdefense.com}}</ref> In 2000 at [[Aberdeen Proving Ground]], RAMICS projectiles fired from a hovering [[Bell AH-1 Cobra|Sea Cobra]] gunship successfully destroyed a range of live underwater mines. As of March 2009, [[Northrop Grumman]] completed the initial phase of RAMICS testing for introduction into the fleet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/northrop-grumman-navy-team-exceeds-expectations-during-mine-clearing-weapon-test|title=Northrop Grumman-Navy Team Exceeds Expectations During Mine-Clearing Weapon Test|website=Northrop Grumman Newsroom|language=en|access-date=2019-09-20}}</ref>

[[Iran]] claimed to have successfully tested its first supercavitation torpedo, the [[Hoot (torpedo)|Hoot]] (Whale), on 2–3 April 2006. Some sources have speculated it is based on the Russian [[VA-111 Shkval]] supercavitation torpedo, which travels at the same speed.<ref>{{cite web |title=International Assessment and Strategy Center > Research > China's Alliance with Iran Grows Contrary to U.S. Hopes |url=http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.109/pub_detail.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704124105/http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.109/pub_detail.asp |archive-date=2008-07-04 |access-date=2008-08-06}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060518151541/http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/other/wmdi060504a.htm] [http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,190219,00.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228010531/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,190219,00.html|date=2007-02-28}}</ref> Russian Foreign Minister [[Sergey Lavrov]] denied supplying Iran with the technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-22/0604055724212153.htm|title=Irna|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311170151/http://www.irna.ir/en/news/view/line-22/0604055724212153.htm|archive-date=2007-03-11|access-date=2007-02-28}}</ref>

In 2004, [[DARPA]] announced the Underwater Express program, a research and evaluation program to demonstrate the use of supercavitation for a high-speed underwater craft application. The US Navy's ultimate goal is a new class of underwater craft for [[littoral (military)|littoral]] missions that can transport small groups of navy personnel or specialized military cargo at speeds up to 100 knots. DARPA awarded contracts to Northrop Grumman and [[General Dynamics Electric Boat]] in late 2006.{{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} In 2009, DARPA announced progress on a new class of submarine:

{{blockquote|The submarine's designer, Electric Boat, is working on a one-quarter scale model for sea trials off the coast of Rhode Island. If the trials are successful, Electric Boat will begin production on a full-scale 100-foot submarine. Currently, the Navy's fastest submarine can only travel at 25 to 30 knots while submerged. But if everything goes according to plan, the Underwater Express will speed along at 100 knots, allowing the delivery of men and materiel faster than ever.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.popsci.com/military-aviation-amp-space/article/2009-07/darpa-readies-ultra-fast-mini-sub/|title=DARPA Readies an Ultra-Fast Mini-Sub|website=Popular Science|date=29 July 2009 }}</ref>|sign=|source=}}

A prototype ship named the ''[[Juliet Marine Systems Ghost|Ghost]]'', uses supercavitation to propel itself atop two struts with sharpened edges. It was designed for stealth operations by [[Gregory Sancoff]] of [[Juliet Marine Systems]]. The vessel rides smoothly in choppy water and has reached speeds of 29 knots.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-08-21/juliet-marines-ghost-boat-will-be-hard-sell-to-u-dot-s-dot-navy#r=read|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822103341/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-08-21/juliet-marines-ghost-boat-will-be-hard-sell-to-u-dot-s-dot-navy#r=read|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 22, 2014|title=This Stealth Attack Boat May Be Too Innovative for the Pentagon|publisher=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|author=Caroline Winter|date=2014-08-21}}</ref>

<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:super cavitating.jpg|thumb|right|Artist rendering of a supercavitating propeller in operation]] -->

The [[Chinese Navy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/188752-chinas-supersonic-submarine-which-could-go-from-shanghai-to-san-francisco-in-100-minutes-creeps-ever-closer-to-reality|title=China's supersonic submarine, which could go from Shanghai to San Francisco in 100 minutes, creeps ever closer to reality - ExtremeTech|website=www.extremetech.com|date=27 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1580226/shanghai-san-francisco-100-minutes-chinese-supersonic-submarine|title=Shanghai to San Francisco in 100 minutes by Chinese supersonic submarine|date=August 24, 2014|website=South China Morning Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.defensereview.com/chinese-military-developing-supercavitating-supersonic-submarine-for-high-speed-naval-warfare/|title=Chinese Military Developing Supercavitating Supersonic Submarine for High-Speed Naval Warfare|last=Crane+|first=David|website=DefenseReview.com (DR): An online tactical technology and military defense technology magazine with particular focus on the latest and greatest tactical firearms news (tactical gun news), tactical gear news and tactical shooting news.}}</ref> and [[US Navy]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/175085/us-navy-looks-to-supercavitating,-supersonic-submarines.html|title=US Navy Is Developing 'Supersonic Submarines' That Could Cut Through the Ocean At the Speed of Sound Using A Bubble|website=www.defense-aerospace.com}}</ref> are reportedly working on their own supercavitating [[submarine]]s using technical information obtained on the Russian VA-111 Shkval supercavitation torpedo.

A [[supercavitating propeller]] uses supercavitation to reduce water [[Parasitic drag#Skin friction|skin friction]] and increase propeller speed. The design is used in military applications, high-performance [[racing]] [[boat]]s, and model racing boats. It operates fully submerged with wedge-shaped blades to force cavitation on the entire forward face, starting at the leading edge. Since the cavity collapses well behind the blade, the supercavitating propeller avoids [[spall]]ing damage caused by cavitation, which is a problem with conventional propellers.

Supercavitating ammunition is used with [[Heckler & Koch P11|German]] and [[APS underwater rifle|Russian]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://world.guns.ru/assault/as69-e.htm|title=Modern Firearms - APS underwater assault rifle|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041025183045/http://world.guns.ru/assault/as69-e.htm|archive-date=2004-10-25|access-date=2004-11-07}}</ref> [[Underwater firearm|underwater firearms]], and other similar weapons.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-02 |title=DSG's supercavitating underwater bullets annihilate ballistics tests |url=https://newatlas.com/military/dsg-cavx-supercavitating-underwater-bullets/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref>