Editing Suomenlinna (section)

== History ==
=== Swedish era ===
[[File:Map of Sveaborg at the 1790s.png|thumb|Map of Sveaborg in the 1790s]]

==== Background ====
{{See also|Great Northern War|Russo-Swedish War (1741–43)}}
Early on in the [[Great Northern War]], Russia took advantage of Swedish weakness in [[Ingria]] (sv: ''Ingermanland'') and captured the area near the [[Neva River]] as well as the Swedish forts, [[Nyen]] and [[Siege of Nöteborg (1702)|Nöteborg]], built to protect it. In 1703, [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] founded his new capital, [[Saint Petersburg]], in that easternmost corner of the [[Gulf of Finland]]. In the approach to it he built the fortified naval base of [[Kronstadt, Russia|Kronstadt]]. Russia soon became a maritime power and a force to be reckoned with in the [[Baltic Sea]]. The situation posed a threat to Sweden, which until that time had been the dominant power in the Baltic. This was visibly demonstrated by the use of naval forces in the [[Siege of Vyborg (1710)|Russian capture]] of [[Vyborg|Viborg]] in 1710. The main Swedish naval base at [[Karlskrona]] was too far to the south to meet Sweden's new needs for its navy in the 18th century, which often resulted in Swedish ships reaching the coast of Finland only after Russian ships and troops had either started or completed their spring campaigns.{{sfnp|Mattila|1983|pp=13–17, 27–47}}

The lack of coastal defenses was keenly felt with Russian landings in Helsingfors in the spring of 1713 and the [[Battle of Gangut|Swedish failure]] to blockade the [[Hanko Peninsula]] in 1714. A Russian naval campaign against the Swedish coast towards the end of the [[Great Northern War]] further outlined the need to develop Finnish coastal defenses. Immediately after the war ended the first plans were set in motion in Sweden to construct an [[archipelago fleet]] and a base of operations for it in Finland. However, nothing with regard to Sveaborg took place until the end of [[Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)|Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743]]. Fortifications were left unfinished at [[Hamina]] and [[Lappeenranta]] while [[Hämeenlinna]] was being built into a supply base. Lack of funds, unwillingness to devote funds for defending Finland, and the belief (arising just before the war) that Russia would be pushed away from the Baltic Sea were the main causes for the lack of progress.{{sfnp|Mattila|1983|pp=54–55, 57–59}}

The following [[Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)|Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743]], which quickly turned from a Swedish attack into a Russian occupation of Finland, again underlined the importance of developing fortifications in Finland. Lack of base of operations for naval forces made it difficult for the Swedish navy to operate in the area.{{sfnp|Mattila|1983|pp=74–75}} Other European states were also concerned about developments regarding Russia, especially France, with whom Sweden had concluded a military alliance. After lengthy debate, the [[Riksdag of the Estates|Swedish parliament]] decided in 1747 to both fortify the Russian frontier and establish a naval base at Helsingfors as a counter to Kronstadt. [[Augustin Ehrensvärd]] (1710–1772), a young lieutenant colonel, was given the responsibility of designing the fortresses and directing construction operations. 
[[File:Suomenlinna.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.1|Bastion Zander]]
[[File:Ehrensvärd's Grave.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.1|[[Ehrensvärd grave|Augustin Ehrensvärd's grave]] at Suomenlinna]]

==== Construction ====
Sweden started building the fortresses in January 1748. Ehrensvärd's plan contained two fortifications: a sea fortress at [[Svartholm fortress|Svartholm]] near the small town of [[Loviisa|Lovisa]],{{sfnp|Mattila|1983|pp=80–85}} and a larger sea fortress and naval base (Sveaborg) at Helsingfors. There were two main aspects to Ehrensvärd's design for Sveaborg: a series of independent fortifications across several linked islands and, at the very heart of the complex, a navy dockyard. In addition to the island fortress itself, seafacing fortifications on the mainland would ensure that an enemy could not acquire a beach-head from which to stage attacks on the sea fort. The plan was also to stock munitions for the whole Finnish contingent of the [[Swedish Army]] and [[Royal Swedish Navy]] there. Additional plans were made for fortifying the [[Hanko Peninsula]], but these were postponed.

Construction started in early 1748 kept expanding, and by September there were around 2,500 men building the fortresses. Initially the soldiers were housed in the vaults of the fortifications, while the officers had specially built quarters integrated into the [[baroque]] cityscape composition of the overall plan. The most ambitious plan was left only half completed: a [[baroque]] square on Iso Mustasaari partly based on the model of [[Place Vendôme]] in [[Paris]]. As the construction work progressed, more residential buildings were built, many following the shape of the fortification lines. Ehrensvärd and some of the other officers were keen artists who made oil paintings presenting a view of life in the fortress during its construction, and giving the impression of a lively "fortress town" community.
[[File:Suomenlinna mereltä 5.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|[[Kuninkaanportti]], ''The King's Gate'']]

Due to repeated Russian threats in 1749 and 1750, more effort was placed on the island fortifications at the expense of those on the mainland, so that a safe base of operations could be secured for the Swedish naval units along the Finnish coast. Using the military garrisoned in Finland as the workforce, construction continued with over 6,000 workers in 1750. Fortifications at Gustavssvärd were completed in 1751 and the main fortifications on Vargö were ready in 1754. The fortress was fully operational though unfinished. These accomplishments did not reduce the pace of construction and in 1755 there were 7,000 workers constructing the fortifications outside of Helsingfors which at the time had around 2,000 residents. The substantial fortification work on the islands south of the town brought it a new and unexpected importance. Swedish participation to the [[Seven Years' War]] halted the construction efforts in 1757, which also marked the end of the rapid construction phase of Sveaborg.{{sfnp|Mattila|1983|pp=89–91}}

This period in Swedish history was known as the [[Age of Liberty]], during which the kingdom was under increased parliamentary control, divided into two political parties, the [[Hats (party)|Hats]] and the [[Caps (party)|Caps]]. [[Ehrensvärd]] had been supported by the Hats, so when the Caps rose to power in 1766 he was relieved of his post and replaced with ardent Caps supporter Christopher Falkengréen. However, after 1769 when the Hats regained power, Ehrensvärd was again placed in command of the Swedish [[archipelago fleet]] in Finland, officially the ''arméens flotta'' ("fleet of the army"), and returned to Sveaborg. But additional progress had not been made on the fortifications when Ehrensvärd died in 1772. Efforts to improve the fortress continued under [[Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten]], but his tenure was cut short by disagreements with King [[Gustav III]]. Once again efforts slowed down as garrisons were reduced, and in 1776 Sveaborg's commander reported that he could not even man one-tenth of the artillery placed in the fort. Even at the start of the [[Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)|Russo-Swedish War]] in 1788 Sveaborg remained in an incomplete state.{{sfnp|Mattila|1983|pp=105–116}}

Facilities for constructing ships for the Swedish archipelago fleet were built at Sveaborg in the 1760s. In 1764 the first three archipelago frigates were launched from there.{{sfnp|Mattila|1983|p=104}} In addition to the construction of the fortifications and ships, naval officer training was started by Ehrensvärd at his own expense at Sveaborg in 1770. It took until 1779 before a naval military school was formally founded there.{{sfnp|Mattila|1983|pp=122–125}}

==== Service ====
{{See also|Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)|Finnish War|Siege of Sveaborg}}
[[File:View from Länsi-Mustasaari.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|View from Länsi-Mustasaari to Pikku-Mustasaari]]
[[File:Adolf Geete-pojama at Sveaborg-1760.jpg|thumb|A [[pojama]] flying the blue [[naval ensign]] of the Swedish [[archipelago fleet]] in Artilleriviken (Tykistölahti); painting by [[Adolf Geete]], 1760]]
Sveaborg was formed and stocked according to the needs of the Swedish [[archipelago fleet]] and thus was unable to repair and refit the Swedish battlefleet after the [[battle of Hogland]]. Facilities were also found lacking at Sveaborg, especially in the areas intended for taking care of the sick and wounded. Russian control of the waters outside of Sveaborg practically blockaded the Swedish battlefleet to Sveaborg. By cutting the coastal sea route past Hangö, Russians prevented supplies from being shipped from Sweden to Sveaborg. The Swedish fleet finally managed to set sail for its base at Karlskrona on 20 November when the Baltic Sea had already frozen severely enough that ice had to be sawed open before some ships could move. The fleet could not overwinter at Sveaborg since it lacked the facilities and supplies for fitting the ships.{{sfnp|Mattila|1983|pp=138–155}}

While the route to Sweden was open again in late 1788 and in early 1789, Russian ships cut the connection from Sveaborg to Sweden by forming a blockade at [[Porkkala]] cape. Sveaborg was the most important location for archipelago fleet's ship construction and fitting during the war. Even so, and despite efforts, several ships remained unfinished at Sveaborg until the end of the war. The importance of Sveaborg did not escape the Russians whose broad operational plan for 1790 included a siege of Sveaborg both from sea and land.{{sfnp|Mattila|1983|pp=155–193}}

Following a pact between [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]] and [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]], Russia launched a [[Finnish War|campaign against Sweden]] and occupied Finland in 1808. The Russians easily took Helsingfors in early 1808 and began [[Siege of Sveaborg|bombarding the fortress]].<ref>Carl Nordling, L. "Capturing 'The Gibraltar of the North': How Swedish Sveaborg was taken by the Russians in 1808." Journal of Slavic Military Studies 17.4 (2004): 715–725.</ref> Its commander, [[Carl Olof Cronstedt]], negotiated a cease-fire. When no Swedish reinforcements had arrived by May, Sveaborg, with almost 7,000 men, surrendered. The reasons for Cronstedt's actions remain somewhat unclear; but the hopeless situation, psychological warfare by the Russians, some (possibly) bribed advisors, fear for the lives of a large civilian population, lack of gunpowder, and their physical isolation are some likely causes for the surrender. By the [[Treaty of Fredrikshamn]] in 1809, Sweden ceded its eastern territory of Finland and the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] was established within the [[Russian Empire]]. The Swedish period in [[History of Finland|Finnish history]], which had lasted some seven centuries, came to an end.
[[File:Guns of Suomenlinna.jpg|right|thumb|Naval guns of Suomenlinna]]

=== Under Russian rule ===
After taking over the fortress, the Russians started an extensive building program, mostly extra barracks, and extended the dockyard and reinforced the fortification lines. The long period of peace following the transfer of power was shattered by the [[Crimean War]] of 1853–56. The French–British–Ottoman alliance decided to engage Russia on two fronts and sent an [[Baltic theatre of the Crimean War|Anglo-French fleet to the Baltic Sea]]. For two summers during the [[Åland War]] the fleet shelled the towns and fortifications along the Finnish coast. The [[bombardment of Sveaborg]] (also known then as ''Viapori'') by the forces of [[Richard Saunders Dundas]] and [[Charles Pénaud]] on 9–10 August 1855 lasted 47 hours and the fortress was badly damaged, but they were unable to knock out the Russian guns. After the bombardment, the Anglo-French fleet sent no troops ashore and instead set sail for [[Kronstadt]].

After the Crimean War extensive restoration work was begun at Sveaborg. A new ring of earthworks with artillery emplacements was built at the western and southern edges of the islands.

The next stage in the arming of Sveaborg and the Gulf of Finland came in the build-up to [[World War I]]. The fortress and its surrounding islands became part of "Peter the Great's naval fortification" designed to safeguard the capital, Saint Petersburg.

=== Finnish ownership ===
[[File:Suomenlinna, punainen leijonalippu, huhtikuu 1918.jpg|alt=|thumb|The red-yellow lion flag of Finland was raised in Suomenlinna in early April 1918 to mark the fortress's capture.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Photographer Wendelin Kaarlo August |title=Suomenlinna (Kustaanmiekka, bastioni Zander), punainen leijonalippu |url=https://www.finna.fi/Record/musketti.M012:HK19780407:201#image |access-date=2020-01-07 |website=www.finna.fi}}</ref>]]
Following the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] in 1917, [[Finnish Declaration of Independence|Finland declared independence]], but Sveaborg remained under the control of Russian military forces. During the [[Finnish Civil War]], they handed part of it over to the Finnish [[Red Guard]] in March 1918. The [[White Guard (Finland)|Whites]] captured the fortress with the support of German forces in early April. Sveaborg received its current name, ''Suomenlinna'' ("Castle of Finland"), on May 12, 1918, when the red-yellow lion flag{{emdash}}used temporarily as Finland's national flag{{emdash}}was ceremoniously raised on the flagpole of Gustavssvärd, and eight salutes were fired from two Russian field cannons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bastioni Zander |url=https://www.suomenlinna.fi/kavijalle/nahtavyydet/bastioni-zander/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=Suomenlinnan viralliset sivut |language=fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Matti Klinge |title=Suomen sinivalkoiset värit, Kansallisten ja muidenkin symbolien vaiheista ja merkityksistä |publisher=Otava |year=1982 |isbn=951-1-06877-6 |pages=34–35}}</ref> The flag-raising ceremony was attended by distinguished guests, including members of the Senate, the city council, and several high-ranking military officers. The name change of the fortress was proposed by Senator [[Kyösti Kallio]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Jarmo Nieminen |title=Santahamina - sinivalkoinen saari |publisher=Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu and Jarmo Nieminen |year=2012 |isbn=978-951-25-2360-3 |pages=68}}</ref>

In 1918 and 1919, the islands housed a large prison camp in the aftermath of the civil war. Of the 10,000 Red Guard prisoners held at the [[Suomenlinna prison camp]], over 1,000 died of hunger and disease. Eighty prisoners were executed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vankileiri 1918 |url=https://www.suomenlinna.fi/linnoitus/suomalainenaika/sotavankileiri-1918/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=Suomenlinnan viralliset sivut |language=fi}}</ref> 

After the civil war, the fortress functioned as a Finnish [[garrison]]. A coastal artillery regiment, the Naval Academy, and a base for the mine-sweeping fleet were stationed on the islands. There were small-scale restoration efforts, and interest in the fortress as a tourist destination started to grow. During the [[Winter War]] in 1939–1940, Suomenlinna housed anti-aircraft and artillery units and served as a base for the submarine fleet. During the [[Continuation War]], German military forces were stationed in Suomenlinna. The fortress sustained damage from bombings.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Suomalainen varuskunta |url=https://www.suomenlinna.fi/linnoitus/suomalainenaika/suomalainen-varuskunta/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=Suomenlinnan viralliset sivut |language=fi}}</ref>

After the war, the Valmet Shipyard at Suomenlinna built [[Barge|barges]] and [[Fishing trawler|trawlers]] as [[War reparations of Finland to the Soviet Union|war reparations]]. It also constructed vessels for the Finnish Navy and Coast Guard, and repaired ships. For the 200th anniversary of the fortress in 1948, the courtyard of Susisaari (Vargö) Castle and Kustaanmiekka (Gustavssvärd) were restored.<ref name=":1" />

No longer very practical as a military base, Suomenlinna was turned over to civilian administration in 1973. An independent government department, the Governing Body of Suomenlinna, was formed to administer the unique complex. At the time there was some debate over its Finnish name, with some suggesting that the old name ''Viapori'' be restored, but the newer name was retained. The presence of the military on the islands has been drastically scaled down in recent decades. The Suomenlinna garrison houses the Naval Academy ({{langx|fi|Merisotakoulu}}) of the [[Finnish Navy]] on ''Pikku Mustasaari''. Suomenlinna still flies the war flag, or the swallow-tailed state [[flag of Finland]].