Editing Sunni Islam (section)

=== Sunna ===
The Arabic term {{Transliteration|ar|sunna}}, according to which Sunnis are named, is old and roots in pre-Islamic language. It was used for traditions which a majority of people followed.<ref>Ess: ''Der Eine und das Andere''. 2011, Bd. II, S. 1271.</ref> The term got greater political significance after the murder of the third caliph [[Uthman]] ({{Reign|644|656}}). It is said [[Malik al-Ashtar]], a famous follower of [[Ali]], encouraged during the [[Battle of Siffin]] with the expression, Ali's political rival [[Mu'awiya]] kills the ''{{Transliteration|ar|sunna}}''. After the battle, it was agreed that "the righteous ''{{Transliteration|ar|[[Sunnah]]}}'', the unifying, not the divisive" ("{{Transliteration|ar|as-Sunna al-ʿādila al-ǧāmiʿa ġair al-mufarriqa}}") should be consulted to resolve the conflict. The time when the term ''sunna'' became the short form for "[[Sunnah]] of the [[Muhammad in Islam|Prophet]]" (S''unnat an-Nabī'') is still unknown.<ref>Ess: ''Der Eine und das Andere''. 2011, Bd. II, p. 1272. (German)</ref> During the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], several political movements, including the [[Shia]] and the [[Kharijites]] rebelled against the formation of the state. They led their battles in the name of "the book of God (''[[Quran|Qur'an]]'') and the ''Sunnah'' of his Prophet".<ref>Patricia Crone und Martin Hinds: ''God's Caliph. Religious authority in the first centuries of Islam''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1986. S. 59–61.</ref> During the [[Second Fitna|second Civil War]] (680–92) the Sunna-term received connotations critical of [[Shia Islam|Shi'i]] doctrines (''Tashayyu'''). It is recorded by Masrūq ibn al-Adschdaʿ (d. 683), who was a ''[[Mufti]]'' in [[Kufa]], a need to love the first two caliphs [[Abū Bakr]] and [[ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb]] and acknowledge their priority (''Fadā'il''). A disciple of Masrūq, the scholar ash-Shaʿbī (d. between 721 und 729), who first sided with the Shia in Kufa during Civil War, but turned away in disgust by their fanaticism and finally decided to join the Umayyad Caliph [[Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan|ʿAbd al-Malik]], popularized the concept of ''Sunnah''.<ref>Abū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb ibn Sufyān al-Fasawī: ''Kitāb al-Maʿrifa wa-t-tārīḫ''. Ed. Akram Ḍiyāʾ al-ʿUmarī. 3 Bde. Bagdad: Maṭbaʿat Aršād 1975. Bd. II, p. 813. [https://archive.org/stream/fasawe/M_fasaoy02#page/n813/mode/2up Digitalisat].</ref> It is also passed down by asch-Shaʿbī, that he took offensive at the hatred on [[Aisha|ʿĀʾiša bint Abī Bakr]] and considered it a violation of the ''[[Sunnah]]''.<ref>[[Adh-Dhahabī|Šams ad-Dīn aḏ-Ḏahabī]]: ''Siyar aʿlām an-nubalāʾ.'' Ed. Šuʿaib al-Arnāʾūṭ. 11. Aufl. Muʾassasat ar-Risāla, Beirut, 1996. Bd. IV, S. 300. [https://archive.org/stream/11950/san04#page/n299/mode/2up Digitalisat]</ref>

The term ''Sunna'' instead of the longer expression ''ahl as-sunna'' or ''ahl as-sunnah wa l-jamāʻah'' as a group-name for Sunnis is a relatively young phenomenon. It was probably [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], who used the short-term for the first time.<ref>Ibn Taimīya: ''Minhāǧ as-sunna an-nabawīya''. Ed. Muḥammad Rašād Sālim. Ǧamiʿat al-Imām Muḥammad Ibn-Saʿid, Riad, 1986. Bd. II, S. 221, 224. [https://archive.org/stream/WAQ94871/msn2#page/n219/mode/2up Digitalisat]</ref> It was later popularized by [[Pan-Islamism|pan-Islamic]] scholars such as [[Rashid Rida|Muhammad Rashid Rida]] in his treatise ''as-Sunna wa-š-šiʿa au al-Wahhābīya wa-r-Rāfiḍa: Ḥaqāʾiq dīnīya taʾrīḫīya iǧtimaʿīya iṣlaḥīya'' ("The Sunna and the Shia, Or [[Wahhabism]] and [[Rafida|Rāfidism]]: Religious history, sociological und reform oriented facts") published in 1928–29.<ref>Muḥammad Rašīd Riḍā: ''as Sunna wa-š-šiʿa au al-Wahhābīya wa-r-Rāfiḍa: Ḥaqāʾiq dīnīya taʾrīḫīya iǧtimaʿīya iṣlaḥīya.'' Kairo 1928/29. [[s:ar:تصنيف:السنة والشيعة أو الوهابية والرافضة:مطبوع|Digitalisat Wikisource]]</ref> The term "Sunnah" is usually used in Arabic discourse as designation for Sunni Muslims, when they are intended to be contrasted with Shias. The word pair "Sunnah-Shia" is also used on Western research literature to denote the Sunni-Shia contrast.<ref>So zum Beispiel bei Mohammad Heidari-Abkenar: ''Die ideologische und politische Konfrontation Schia-Sunna: am Beispiel der Stadt Rey des 10. – 12. Jh. n. Chr.'' Inaugural-Dissertation Köln 1992 und Ofra Bengo und Meir Litvak: ''The Sunna and Shi'a in history. Division and ecumenism in the Muslim Middle East.'' 1. Aufl. Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2011.</ref>