Editing Sulpicius Severus (section)

==Works==
[[File:Caroline 2.jpg|thumb|Page from the ''Vita Sancti Martini'' by Sulpicius Severus, written in [[Carolingian minuscule]].<br />[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]].]]

===''Chronicle''===
The chief work of Severus is the ''Chronicle'' (''Chronica'', ''Chronicorum Libri duo'' or ''Historia sacra'', c. 403), a summary of sacred history from the beginning of the world to his own times, with the omission of the events recorded in the Gospels and the Acts, "lest the form of his brief work should detract from the honour due to those events".{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} It is a source of primary importance for the history of [[Priscillianism]] and contains considerable information respecting the [[Arianism|Arian controversy]].{{sfn|Weber|1912}} The book was a textbook, and was used as such in the schools of Europe for about a century and a half after the ''[[editio princeps]]'' was published by [[Flacius Illyricus]] in 1556.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Severus nowhere clearly points to the class of readers for whom his book is designed. He disclaims the intention of making his work a substitute for the actual narrative contained in the [[Bible]]. "Worldly historians" had been used by him, he says, to make clear the dates and the connexion of events and for supplementing the sacred sources, and with the intent at once to instruct the unlearned and to "convince" the learned. Probably the "unlearned" are the mass of Christians and the learned are the cultivated Christians and pagans alike, to whom the rude language of the sacred texts, whether in Greek or Latin, would be distasteful. The literary structure of the narrative shows that Severus had in his mind principally readers on the same level of culture with himself. He was anxious to show that sacred history might be presented in a form which lovers of [[Sallust]] and [[Tacitus]] could appreciate and enjoy. The style is lucid, almost classical. In order that his work might fairly stand beside that of the old Latin writers, Severus ignored the allegorical approach to interpreting sacred history that had been favoured by both heretics and the orthodox of his age.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

As an authority on the period prior to his own, Severus offers few guarantees and rarely corrects or supplements the historical record transmitted thanks to other sources. [[Jakob Bernays]] suggested that he based his narrative of the destruction of [[Jerusalem]] by [[Titus]] on the account given by Tacitus in his ''[[Histories (Tacitus)|Histories]]'', a portion of which has been lost. In his allusions to the [[Gentile]] rulers with whom the Jews came into contact from the time of the [[Maccabees]] onwards, Severus discloses some points which are not without importance.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

The real interest of Severus' work lies, first, in the incidental glimpses it affords all through of the history of his own time; next and more particularly, in the information he has preserved concerning the struggle over the [[Priscillianism|Priscillianist]] heresy, which disorganised and degraded the churches of Spain and Gaul, and particularly affected Aquitaine. The sympathies here betrayed by Severus are wholly those of St. Martin. The bishop had withstood [[Magnus Maximus|Maximus]], who ruled for some years a large part of the western portion of the empire, though he never conquered Italy. He had reproached him with attacking and overthrowing his predecessors on the throne, and for his dealings with the church. Severus loses no opportunity for laying stress on the crimes and follies of rulers, and on their cruelty, though he once declares that, cruel as rulers could be, priests could be crueller still. This last statement has reference to the bishops who had left Maximus no peace till he had stained his hands with the blood of Priscillian and his followers. Martin, too, had denounced the worldliness and greed of the Gaulish bishops and clergy. Accordingly, we find that Severus, in narrating the division of [[Canaan]] among the tribes, calls the special attention of ecclesiastics to the fact that no portion of the land was assigned to the tribe of [[Levi]], lest they should be hindered in their service of God. "Our clergy seem", he says, "not merely forgetful of the lesson, but ignorant of it, such a passion for possessions has in our days fastened like a pestilence on their souls." We here catch a glimpse of the circumstances which were winning over good men to [[monasticism]] in the West, though the evidence of an enthusiastic votary of the solitary life, such as Severus was, is probably not free from exaggeration. Severus also fully sympathised with the action of St. Martin touching Priscillianism. This mysterious Western offshoot of [[Gnosticism]] had no single feature about it which could soften the hostility of a character such as Martin's, but he resisted the introduction of secular punishment for evil doctrine, and withdrew from communion with those bishops in Gaul, a large majority, who invoked the aid of Maximus against their erring brethren. In this connection, the account given by Severus of the [[Council of Rimini]] in 359, where the question arose whether the bishops attending the assembly might lawfully receive money from the imperial treasury to recoup their travelling and other expenses, is notable. Severus evidently approved the action of the British and Gaulish bishops, who deemed it unbecoming that they should lie under pecuniary obligation to the emperor. His ideal of the church required that it should stand clear and above the state.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

===''Life of St. Martin'', dialogues, and letters===
More popular during the Middle Ages was Severus' ''Life of [[Martin of Tours|St. Martin]]'', as were also the dialogues and letters which relate to the same subject.{{sfn|Weber|1912}} These works did much to establish the great reputation which that wonder-working saint maintained throughout the Middle Ages. The book is not properly a biography, but a catalogue of miracles, told in all the simplicity of absolute belief. The power to work miraculous signs is assumed to be in direct proportion to holiness, and is by Severus valued merely as an evidence of holiness, which he is persuaded can only be attained through a life of isolation from the world. In the first of his Dialogues (fair models of [[Cicero]]), Severus puts into the mouth of an interlocutor (Posthumianus) a pleasing description of the life of coenobites and solitaries in the deserts bordering on [[Egypt]]. The main evidence of the virtue attained by them lies in the voluntary subjection to them of the savage beasts among which they lived. But Severus was no indiscriminating adherent of monasticism. The same dialogue shows him to be alive to its dangers and defects. The second dialogue is a large appendix to the Life of Martin, and really supplies more information of his life as bishop and of his views than the work which bears the title ''Vita S. Martini''. The two dialogues occasionally make interesting references to personages of the epoch. In Dial. 1, cc. 6, 7, we have a vivid picture of the controversies which raged at Alexandria over the works of Origen. The judgement of Severus himself is no doubt that which he puts in the mouth of his interlocutor Posthumianus: "I am astonished that one and the same man could have so far differed from himself that in the approved portion of his works he has no equal since the apostles, while in that portion for which he is justly blamed it is proved that no man has committed more unseemly errors." Three Epistles on the death of Martin (ad Eusebium, ad Aurelium diaconum, ad Bassulam) complete the list of Severus' genuine works. Other letters (to his sister), on the love of God and the renunciation of the world, have not survived.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

===Spurious attributions===
Beside the above-mentioned three letters, seven others have been attributed to Severus. These are rejected as spurious by some critics, whilst the genuineness of the first two is admitted, rightly it would seem, by others. The ''World Chronicle'' of the so-called Sulpicius Severus has nothing to do with the subject of this biography; it was written in Spain in the sixth century.{{sfn|Weber|1912}}