Editing Stuart Restoration (section)

==Restoration of Charles II==
[[File:Hendrick de Meijer 001.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The departure of Charles II from Scheveningen (1660)]]
On 4 April 1660, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] issued the [[Declaration of Breda]], in which he made several promises in relation to the reclamation of the crown of England. While he did this, Monck organised the [[Convention Parliament (1660)|Convention Parliament]], which met for the first time on 25 April. On 8 May, it proclaimed that King Charles II had been the lawful monarch since the [[execution of Charles I]] on 30 January 1649.{{sfn|''House of Commons''|1802a}} Historian Tim Harris argues that "Constitutionally, it was as if the last nineteen years had never happened."{{Sfn|Harris|2005|p=47}}

Charles returned from exile, leaving [[The Hague]] on 23 May and landing at [[Dover]] on 25 May.<ref name="pepysdiary23">[http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/04/23/index.php Pepys Diary 23 April 1661] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060708122611/http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1661/04/23/index.php |date=8 July 2006}}.</ref> He entered London on 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday. To celebrate his return to his Parliament, 29 May was made a public holiday, popularly known as [[Oak Apple Day]].{{sfn|''House of Commons''|1802b}} He was crowned at Westminster Abbey on 23 April 1661.<ref name="pepysdiary23"/>

Some contemporaries described the Restoration as "a divinely ordained miracle". The sudden and unexpected deliverance from political chaos was interpreted as a restoration of the natural and divine order.{{Sfn|Jones|1978|p=15}} The [[Cavalier Parliament]] convened for the first time on 8 May 1661, and it would endure for over 17 years, finally being dissolved on 24 January 1679. Like its predecessor, it was overwhelmingly [[Cavalier|Royalist]]. It is also known as the Pensionary Parliament for the many pensions it granted to adherents of the King.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wallace |first=David C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mkpl2cBZn3gC&dq=It+is+also+known+as+the+Pensionary+Parliament+for+the+many+pensions+it+granted+to+adherents+of+the+King.&pg=PA175 |title=Twenty-Two Turbulent Years 1639–1661 |date=2013 |publisher=Fast-Print Publishing |isbn=978-1-78035-660-0 |language=en}}</ref>

The leading political figure at the beginning of the Restoration was [[Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon]]. It was the "skill and wisdom of Clarendon" which had "made the Restoration unconditional".{{Sfn|Clark|1953|p=3}}

Many Royalist exiles returned and were rewarded. [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine]] returned to the service of England, became a member of the [[privy council]], and was provided with an annuity. [[George Goring, 1st Earl of Norwich]], returned to be the Captain of the King's guard and received a pension. [[Marmaduke Langdale]] returned and was made "[[Baron Langdale]]". [[William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne|William Cavendish]], Marquess of Newcastle, returned and was able to regain the greater part of his estates. He was invested in 1666 with the [[Order of the Garter]] (which had been bestowed upon him in 1650), and was advanced to a [[William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne|dukedom]] on 16 March 1665.{{Sfn|Chisholm|1911b|p=470}}