Editing Storyboard (section)

==Use==
===Film===
[[File:Storyboard for 8-minute cartoon.jpg|thumb|A storyboard for an [[animated cartoon]], showing the number of drawings (~70) needed for an 8-minute film.]]
A film storyboard (sometimes referred to as a shooting board), is essentially a series of frames, with drawings of the sequence of events in a film, similar to a [[comics|comic]] book of the film or some section of the film produced beforehand.  It helps [[film director]]s, [[cinematographers]] and [[television commercial]] [[advertising]] clients visualize the scenes and find potential problems before they occur. Besides this, storyboards also help estimate the cost of the overall production and save time.  Often storyboards include arrows or instructions that indicate movement. For fast-paced action scenes, monochrome [[line art]] might suffice. For slower-paced dramatic films with an emphasis on lighting, color [[Impressionism|impressionist]] style art might be necessary.

In creating a [[motion picture]] with any degree of fidelity to a [[screenplay|script]], a storyboard provides a visual layout of events as they are to be seen through the camera lens. In the case of interactive media, it is the layout and sequence in which the user or viewer sees the content or information. In the storyboarding process, most technical details involved in crafting a film or interactive media project can be efficiently described either in a picture or in additional text.

During [[principal photography]] for live-action films, scenes are rarely shot in the sequence in which they occur in the script.  It is also sometimes necessary to film individual shots within a scene out of order and on different days, which can be very confusing.  (The reasons for this are explained at length in the [[production board]] article.) In the latter scenario, directors can use storyboards on set to quickly refresh their memory as to the desired effect when those shots are later edited together in the correct order.<ref name="Katz_Page_103">{{cite book |last1=Katz |first1=Steven D. |title=Film Directing Shot by Shot: Visualizing from Concept to Screen |date=1991 |publisher=Michael Wiese Productions |location=Studio City |isbn=9780941188104 |page=103 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNkNacuK8poC&pg=PA103 |access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref>  This is more efficient than having to reread the script for each shot (with cast and crew waiting) to refresh their memory as to how they originally visualized they would film that shot.<ref name="Katz_Page_103" />

===Theatre===
A common misconception is that storyboards are not used in theatre. Directors and playwrights frequently{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} use storyboards as special tools to understand the layout of the scene.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Director's Storyboard|url=https://www.pinecrestplayers.com/directors-storyboard.html|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Pinecrest Players Theatre|language=en}}</ref> The great Russian [[theatre practitioner]] [[Konstantin Stanislavski|Stanislavski]] developed storyboards in his detailed production plans for his [[Moscow Art Theatre]] performances (such as of [[Anton Chekhov|Chekhov's]] ''[[The Seagull]]'' in 1898). The German director and dramatist [[Bertolt Brecht]] developed detailed storyboards as part of his [[Dramaturgy|dramaturgical]] method of "[[fabel]]s."{{fact|date=February 2022}}

===Animatics===
In [[animation]] and [[special effects]] work, the storyboarding stage may be followed by simplified mock-ups called "animatics" to give a better idea of how a scene will look and feel with motion and timing. At its simplest, an animatic is a sequence of still images (usually taken from a storyboard) displayed in sync with rough [[dialogue]] (i.e., [[scratch vocal]]s) or rough soundtrack, essentially providing a simplified overview of how various visual and auditory elements will work in conjunction to one another.

This allows the [[animator]]s and [[film director|director]]s to work out any [[screenplay]], camera positioning, shot list, and timing issues that may exist with the current storyboard. The storyboard and soundtrack are amended if necessary, and a new animatic may be created and reviewed by the production staff until the storyboard is finalized. Editing at the animatic stage can help a production avoid wasting time and resources on the animation of scenes that would otherwise be edited out of the film at a later stage.  A few minutes of screen time in [[traditional animation]] usually equates to months of work for a team of traditional animators, who must painstakingly draw and paint countless frames, meaning that all that labor (and salaries already paid) will have to be written off if the finished scene simply does not work in the film's final cut.  In the context of [[computer animation]], storyboarding helps minimize the construction of unnecessary scene components and models, just as it helps live-action filmmakers evaluate what portions of sets need not be constructed because they will never come into the frame.

Often storyboards are animated with simple zooms and pans to simulate camera movement (using [[non-linear editing system|non-linear editing software]]). These animations can be combined with available animatics, sound effects, and dialog to create a presentation of how a film could be shot and cut together. Some feature film [[DVD]] ''special features'' include production animatics, which may have [[scratch vocal]]s or may even feature vocals from the actual cast (usually where the scene was cut after the vocal recording phase but before the animation production phase).

Animatics are also used by advertising agencies to create inexpensive test commercials.  A variation, the "rip-o-matic", is made from scenes of existing movies, television programs or commercials, to simulate the look and feel of the proposed commercial.  Rip, in this sense, refers to ripping-off an original work to create a new one.

===Photomatic===
A photomatic<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animaticmedia.com/work/Man_Woman|title=Centrum Man / Woman|website=www.animaticmedia.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201003445/http://www.animaticmedia.com/work/Man_Woman|archive-date=2017-12-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> (probably derived from 'animatic' or photo-animation) is a series of still [[photograph]]s edited together and presented on screen in a [[sequence]]. [[Sound effect]]s, [[voice-over]]s, and a [[soundtrack]] are added to the piece to show how a film could be shot and cut together. Increasingly used by advertisers and [[advertising agencies]] to research the effectiveness of their proposed storyboard before committing to a 'full up' [[television advertisement]].

The photomatic is usually a research tool, similar to an [[#Animatics|animatic]], in that it represents the work to a test audience so that the commissioners of the work can gauge its effectiveness.

Originally, photographs were taken using a color negative film. A selection would be made from contact sheets and prints made. The prints would be placed on a rostrum and recorded to [[videotape]] using a standard [[video camera]]. Any moves, pans or zooms would have to be made in-camera. The captured scenes could then be edited.

[[Digital photography]], web access to [[stock photography]] and [[non-linear editing]] programs have had a marked impact on this way of filmmaking also leading to the term 'digimatic'. Images can be shot and edited very quickly to allow important creative decisions to be made 'live'. Photo composite [[animations]] can build intricate scenes that would normally be beyond many test film budgets.

Photomatix was also the trademarked name of many of the booths found in public places which took photographs by coin operation. The Photomatic brand of the booths was manufactured by the [[International Mutoscope Reel Company]] of [[New York City]]. Earlier versions took only one photo per coin, and later versions of the booths took a series of photos. Many of the booths would produce a strip of four photos in exchange for a coin (or coins).

===Comic books===
Some writers have used storyboard type drawings (albeit rather sketchy) for their scripting of [[comic books]], often indicating staging of figures, backgrounds, and balloon placement with instructions to the artist as needed often scribbled in the margins and the dialogue or captions indicated. [[John Stanley (comics)|John Stanley]] and [[Carl Barks]] (when he was writing stories for the [[The Junior Woodchucks|Junior Woodchuck]] title) are known to have used this style of scripting.<ref>{{Google books|f20xMWyka3oC|Carl Barks: Conversations|page=41|keywords=sketches+toryboard|text=}}</ref><ref>{{Google books|SOLGDAAAQBAJ|John Stanley: Giving Life to Little Lulu|page=36|keywords=storyboards|text=}}</ref>

In [[manga|Japanese comics]], the word {{nihongo|"[[Name (manga)|name]]"|ネーム|nēmu|{{IPA|ja|neːmɯ|pron}}}} is used for rough manga storyboards.<ref>{{Google books|t2tGT82nSrUC|How to Draw Manga: Putting Things in Perspective|page=110|keywords=neemu|text=}}</ref>

===Business===
Storyboards used for planning advertising campaigns such as [[corporate video]] production, commercials, a [[proposal (business)|proposal]] or other business presentations intended to convince or compel to action are known as presentation boards.  Presentation boards will generally be a higher quality render than shooting boards as they need to convey expression, layout, and mood.  Modern ad agencies and marketing professionals will create presentation boards either by hiring a  storyboard artist to create hand-drawn illustrated frames or often use sourced photographs to create a loose narrative of the idea they are trying to sell. Storyboards can also be used to visually understand the consumer experience by mapping out the customer's journey brands can better identify potential pain points and anticipate their emerging needs.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Inc Custom Studio|date=2022-01-07|title=Adapt to What Work Looks Like Now|url=https://www.inc.com/vari/adapt-to-what-work-looks-like-now.html|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Inc.com|language=en}}</ref>

Some consulting firms teach the technique to their staff to use during the development of client presentations, frequently employing the "brown paper technique" of taping presentation slides (in sequential versions as changes are made) to a large piece of kraft paper which can be rolled up for easy transport. The initial storyboard may be as simple as slide titles on Post-It notes, which are then replaced with draft presentation slides as they are created.

Storyboards also exist in accounting in the ABC System [[activity-based costing]] (ABC) to develop a detailed process [[flowchart]] which visually shows all activities and the relationships among activities. They are used in this way to measure the cost of resources consumed, identify and eliminate non-value-added costs, determine the efficiency and effectiveness of all major activities, and identify and evaluate new activities that can improve future performance.

A "[[quality storyboard]]" is a tool to help facilitate the introduction of a quality improvement process into an organization.

"Design comics" are a type of storyboard used to include a customer or other characters into a narrative. Design comics are most often used in designing websites or illustrating product-use scenarios during design. Design comics were popularized by Kevin Cheng and Jane Jao in 2006.<ref>[http://boxesandarrows.com/learning-doing-selling-2006-ia-summit-wrapup-sunday/ 2006 Information Architecture Summit wrapup], boxesandarrows.com, 19 April 2006</ref>

===Architectural studios===
Occasionally, architectural studios need a storyboard artist to visualize presentations of their projects. Usually, a project needs to be seen by a panel of judges and nowadays it's possible to create virtual models of proposed new buildings, using advanced computer software to simulate lights, settings, and materials. Clearly, this type of work takes time – and so the first stage is a draft in the form of a storyboard, to define the various sequences that will subsequently be computer-animated.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Storyboard Design Course|last=Cristiano|first=Giuseppe|publisher=Thames&Hudson|year=2008|isbn=978-0-500-28690-6|location=London UK|pages=30}}</ref>

===Novels===
Storyboards are now becoming more popular with novelists.  Because most novelists write their stories by scenes rather than chapters, storyboards are useful for plotting the story in a sequence of events and rearranging the scenes accordingly.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-02|title=How to Storyboard a Novel (Step-by-Step Guide) {{!}} Boords|url=https://boords.com/how-to-storyboard/novel|access-date=2022-02-25|website=boords.com|language=en}}</ref>

===Interactive media===
More recently the term ''storyboard'' has been used in the fields of [[web development]], [[software development]], and [[instructional design]] to present and describe, in written, [[interactive]] events as well as audio and motion, particularly on [[user interface]]s and [[electronic page]]s.

===Software===
Storyboarding is used in software development as part of identifying the specifications for a particular set of software. During the specification phase, screens that the software will display are drawn, either on paper or using other specialized software, to illustrate the important steps of the user experience. The storyboard is then modified by the engineers and the client while they decide on their specific needs. The reason why storyboarding is useful during software engineering is that it helps the user understand exactly how the software will work, much better than an abstract description. It is also cheaper to make changes to a storyboard than an implemented piece of software.

An example is the Storyboards system for designing GUI [[Application software|apps]] for [[iOS]] and [[macOS]].<ref name="AppleXcode2018">{{cite web |title=Xcode Overview: Designing with Storyboards |url=https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/ToolsLanguages/Conceptual/Xcode_Overview/DesigningwithStoryboards.html |website=developer.apple.com |publisher=Apple.com |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref> Another example is Boords, an online storyboarding software used for planning video projects.<ref>{{cite web |title=Boords - Online Storyboard & Animatic Software |url=https://boords.com |website=boords.com |access-date=2023-09-02}}</ref>

=== Scientific research ===
Storyboards are used in [[Linguistics|linguistic]] [[Field research|fieldwork]] to [[Elicitation technique|elicit]] spoken [[language]].<ref>Strang Burton and Lisa Matthewson. "Targeted construction storyboards in semantic fieldwork". In: Ryan Bochnak and Lisa Matthewson, editors, ''Methodologies in Semantic Fieldwork'', 135–156. Oxford University Press, 2015.</ref> An [[Informant (linguistics)|informant]] is usually presented with a simplified graphical depiction of a situation or story, and asked to describe the depicted situation, or to re-tell the depicted story. The speech is recorded for linguistic [[Analysis#Linguistics|analysis]].