Editing Stork (section)

==Systematics==
{{See also|List of storks}}
A DNA study found that the families [[Ardeidae]], [[Balaenicipitidae]], [[Scopidae]] and the [[Threskiornithidae]] belong to the [[Pelecaniformes]]. This would make [[Ciconiidae]] the only group.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2013.03.021| pmid=23562800| title=Beyond phylogeny: Pelecaniform and ciconiiform birds, and long-term niche stability| journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution| volume=68| issue=2| pages=229–238| year=2013| last1=Gibb| first1=Gillian C.| last2=Kennedy| first2=Martyn| last3=Penny| first3=David| bibcode=2013MolPE..68..229G}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/gbe/evv213|pmid=26527652|title=Determining the Position of Storks on the Phylogenetic Tree of Waterbirds by Retroposon Insertion Analysis|journal=Genome Biology and Evolution|volume=7|issue=12|pages=3180–3189|year=2015|last1=Kuramoto|first1=Tae|last2=Nishihara|first2=Hidenori|last3=Watanabe|first3=Maiko|last4=Okada|first4=Norihiro|pmc=4700946}}</ref>

Storks were distinct and possibly widespread by the [[Oligocene]]. Like most families of aquatic birds, storks seem to have arisen in the [[Paleogene|Palaeogene]], maybe 40–50 [[million years ago]] (mya). For the fossil record of living genera, documented since the [[Middle Miocene]] (about 15 mya) at least in some cases, see the genus articles.

No species or subspecies of stork is known to have gone [[extinct]] in historic times. A systematic literature review uncovered nearly 1,000 papers on storks, but showed most stork species to lack scientific understanding suggesting that many species should be classified as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List. A ''Ciconia'' bone found in a [[rock shelter]] on the island of [[Réunion]] was probably of a bird taken there as food by early settlers; no known account mentions the presence of storks on the [[Mascarene Islands]].

=== Phylogeny ===
The following phylogeny is recognized by the International Ornithological Congress, partially based on de Sousa ''et al'' (2023):<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=de Sousa |first1=Rodrigo Petry Corrêa |last2=Campos |first2=Paula Sabrina Bronze |last3=dos Santos |first3=Michelly da Silva |last4=O’Brien |first4=Patricia Caroline |last5=Ferguson-Smith |first5=Malcolm Andrew |last6=de Oliveira |first6=Edivaldo Herculano Corrêa |date=April 2023 |title=Cytotaxonomy and Molecular Analyses of Mycteria americana (Ciconiidae: Ciconiiformes): Insights on Stork Phylogeny |journal=Genes |language=en |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=816 |doi=10.3390/genes14040816 |issn=2073-4425 |pmc=10138051 |pmid=37107574 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Storks, frigatebirds, boobies, darters, cormorants – IOC World Bird List |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/storks/ |access-date=2023-07-30 |website=www.worldbirdnames.org}}</ref>
{{Clade|style=font-size:100%
   |1={{clade
        |1=[[African openbill]] (''Anastomus lamelligerus'')
        |2=[[Asian openbill]] ''(Anastomus oscitans'')
  }}
   |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
               |1=[[Marabou stork]] (''Leptoptilos crumenifer'')
              |2={{clade
                   |1=[[Lesser adjutant]] (''Leptoptilos javanicus'')
                   |2=[[Greater adjutant]] (''Leptoptilos dubius'')
       }}
}}
        |2={{clade
        |1={{clade
              |1=[[Wood stork]] (''Mycteria americana'')
              |2={{clade
                   |1=[[Yellow-billed stork]] (''Mycteria ibis'')
                   |2={{clade
                        |1=[[Painted stork]] (''Mycteria leucocephala'')
                       |2=[[Milky stork]]
(''Mycteria cinerea'')
        }}
}}
}}
        |2={{clade
            |1={{clade
                 |1=[[Jabiru]] (''Jabiru mycteria'')
                 |2={{clade
                      |1=[[Saddle-billed stork]] (''Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis'')
                     |2=[[Black-necked stork]] (''Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus'')
            }}
       }}
            |2={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                      |1=[[Abdim's stork]] (''Ciconia abdimii'')
                     |2={{clade
                         |1=[[Asian woolly-necked stork]] (''Ciconia episcopus'')
                        |2=[[Storm's stork]] (''Ciconia stormi'')
                     }}
                }}
                |2={{clade
                   |1=[[Black stork]] (''Ciconia   nigra'')
                   |2={{clade
                         |1=[[Maguari stork]] (''Ciconia maguari'')
                         |2={{clade
                               |1=[[African woolly-necked stork]] (''Ciconia microscelis'')
                               |2={{clade
                                   |1=[[White stork]] (''Ciconia ciconia'')
                                   |2=[[Oriental stork]] (''Ciconia boyciana'')
                               }}
                           }}
       }}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}

===Fossil storks===
*Genus ''[[Palaeoephippiorhynchus]]'' ([[fossil]]: Early Oligocene of [[Fayyum]], Egypt)<!-- ActaPaleontolPol50:549 -->
*Genus ''[[Grallavis]]'' ([[fossil]]: Early Miocene of Saint-Gérand-le-Puy, France, and Djebel Zelten, Libya) – may be same as ''[[Prociconia]]''
*Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. (Ituzaingó Late Miocene of Paraná, Argentina)<ref group=note>[[Tarsometatarsus]] fragments somewhat similar to ''Mycteria''</ref><ref name=Cione>{{cite book|last1=Cione|first1= Alberto Luis|last2= de las Mercedes Azpelicueta|first2= María|last3= Bond|first3= Mariano|last4= Carlini|first4= Alfredo A.|last5= Casciotta|first5= Jorge R.|last6= Cozzuol|first6= Mario Alberto|last7= de la Fuente|first7= Marcelo|last8= Gasparini|first8= Zulma|last9= Goin|first9= Francisco J.|last10= Noriega|first10= Jorge|last11= Scillatoyané|first11= Gustavo J.|last12= Soibelzon | first12 = Leopoldo|last13= Tonni|first13= Eduardo Pedro|last14= Verzi|first14= Diego |last15= Guiomar Vucetich|first15= María|date=2000|chapter= Miocene vertebrates from Entre Ríos province, eastern Argentina|language =en, es|editor1-last= Aceñolaza|editor1-first= F.G. |editor2-last=  Herbst|editor2-first= R.|title= El Neógeno de Argentina|publisher=INSUGEO|series= Serie Correlación Geológica|volume =14|pages = 191–237|chapter-url =  http://www.unt.edu.ar/fcsnat/INSUGEO/libro_neogeno/neogeno_argentina.pdf |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228004955/http://www.unt.edu.ar/fcsnat/INSUGEO/libro_neogeno/neogeno_argentina.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 }}</ref><ref name=Noriega>Noriega, Jorge Ignacio & Cladera, Gerardo (2005). ''First Record of Leptoptilini (Ciconiiformes: Ciconiidae) in the Neogene of South America''. Abstracts of Sixth International Meeting of the Society of Avian Paleontology and Evolution: 47. [http://nrm.museum/ve/birds/sape/SAPE_abstracts_2004.pdf PDF fulltext] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228004954/http://nrm.museum/ve/birds/sape/SAPE_abstracts_2004.pdf |date=2008-02-28 }}</ref>
*Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. (Puerto Madryn Late Miocene of Punta Buenos Aires, Argentina)<ref group=note>Specimen [[Museo Paleontológico Egidio Feruglio|MEF]] 1363: Incomplete skeleton of a large stork somewhat similar to ''Jabiru'' but apparently more [[plesiomorph]]ic</ref><ref name= Noriega/>
*Genus ''[[Prociconia]]'' ([[fossil]]: Late Pleistocene of Brazil) – may belong to modern genus ''Jabiru'' or ''Ciconia''<!-- Evolution39:1174 -->
*Genus ''[[Pelargosteon]]'' ([[fossil]]: Early Pleistocene of Romania)
*Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. – formerly ''Aquilavus/Cygnus bilinicus'' ([[fossil]]: Early Miocene of Břešťany, Czech Republic)
*cf. ''[[Leptoptilos]]'' gen. et sp. indet. – formerly ''L. siwalicensis'' ([[fossil]]: Late Miocene? – Late Pliocene of Siwalik, India)<ref name="Louchart">Specimens [[British Museum of Natural History|BMNH]] 39741 (holotype, left [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|proximal]] [[tarsometatarsus]]) and BMNH 39734 (right [[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|distal]] [[tibiotarsus]]). Similar to ''Ephippiorhynchus'' and ''Leptotilos'', may be from a small female of ''[[Leptotilos falconeri]]'', from ''L. dubius'', or from another species: {{cite journal |author1=Louchart, Antoine |author2=Vignaud, Patrick |author3=Likius, Andossa |author4=Brunet, Michel |author5=White, Tim D. |name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title=A large extinct marabou stork in African Pliocene hominid sites, and a review of the fossil species of ''Leptoptilos'' |url=http://www.app.pan.pl/acta50/app50-549.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=549–563 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228004954/http://www.app.pan.pl/acta50/app50-549.pdf |archive-date=2008-02-28 |access-date=2008-01-15}}</ref>
*Ciconiidae gen. et sp. indet. ([[fossil]]: Late Pleistocene of San Josecito Cavern, Mexico)<ref name=Steadman>[[Anatomical terms of location#Proximal and distal|Distal]] [[radius (bone)|radius]] of a mid-sized ''Ciconia'' or smallish ''Mycteria'': {{cite journal|author1=Steadman, David W. |author2=Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin |author3=Johnson, Eileen |author4=Guzman, A. Fabiola  |name-list-style=amp |year=1994|title= New Information on the Late Pleistocene Birds from San Josecito Cave, Nuevo León, Mexico|journal=[[Condor (journal)|Condor]]|volume=96|issue=3|pages= 577–589|url=http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v096n03/p0577-p0589.pdf|doi=10.2307/1369460|jstor=1369460 }}</ref>
*''Ciconia nana'' ([[fossil]]: Pleistocene of Darling Downs, Queensland, Australia, and ''Ciconia louisebolesae'' [[fossil]]: Olig-Miocene of Riversleigh WHA, Queensland, Australia<ref>Boles. [[A review of the Australian fossil storks of the genus ''Ciconia'' (Aves:Ciconiidae), with a description of a new species]]|journal=[[Records of the Australian Museum]] (2005) Vol=57, pages= 165–178</ref>

The fossil genera ''Eociconia'' (Middle Eocene of China) and ''Ciconiopsis'' (Deseado Early Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina) are often tentatively placed with this family. A "ciconiiform" fossil fragment from the Touro Passo Formation found at Arroio Touro Passo ([[Rio Grande do Sul]], [[Brazil]]) might be of the living [[wood stork]] ''M. americana''; it is at most of [[Late Pleistocene]] age, a few 10,000s of years.<ref name=Schmaltz>Schmaltz Hsou, Annie (2007). ''O estado atual do registro fóssil de répteis e aves no Pleistoceno do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil'' ["The current state of the fossil record of Pleistocene reptiles and birds of Rio Grande do Sul"]. Talk held on 2007-JUN-20 at ''Quaternário do RS: integrando conhecimento'', Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. [http://www6.ufrgs.br/alpp/Resumos_Quaternario_RS.pdf PDF abstract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708084133/http://www.ufrgs.br/alpp/Resumos_Quaternario_RS.pdf |date=2017-07-08 }}</ref>

[[File:Dvorac Bisag - roda.jpg|thumb|European white stork in a nest in Bisag, [[Croatia]]]]