Editing Stigand (section)

==Bishop of Elmham and Winchester==
Stigand was appointed to the [[Bishop of Elmham|see of Elmham]] shortly after Edward the Confessor's coronation on 3 April 1043,<ref name=Handbook29b>Fryde, et al. ''Handbook of British Chronology'' p. 29</ref> probably on Emma's advice.<ref name=Barlow76>Barlow ''Edward the Confessor'' p. 76</ref> This was the first episcopal appointment of Edward's reign.<ref name=Higham122>Higham ''Death of Anglo-Saxon England'' p. 122</ref> The diocese of Elmham covered East Anglia in eastern England,<ref name=Handbook217/> and was one of the poorer episcopal sees at that time.<ref name=Smith200/>{{efn|It was so poor that later, under successive bishops, the seat of the bishopric was moved first to Thetford, and then to Norwich.<ref name=Barlow48>Barlow ''English Church 1066–1154'' pp. 48–49</ref>}}  He was consecrated bishop in 1043,<ref name=Handbook217>Fryde, et al. ''Handbook of British Chronology'' p. 217</ref> but later that year Edward deposed Stigand and deprived him of his wealth.{{efn|According to later texts, Elmham was briefly passed to [[Grimketel]] who was also [[Bishop of Selsey]], at the time, and thus guilty of [[simony]].<ref name=DNB />}} During the next year, however, Edward returned Stigand to office.<ref name=Barlow77>Barlow ''Edward the Confessor'' p. 77</ref> The reasons for the deposition are unknown, but it was probably connected to the simultaneous fall from power of the dowager queen, Emma.<ref name=Emma248>Stafford ''Queen Emma and Queen Edith'' pp. 248–250</ref> Some sources state that Emma had invited King [[Magnus I of Norway]], a rival claimant to the English throne, to invade England and had offered her personal wealth to aid Magnus.<ref name=ASE426>Stenton ''Anglo-Saxon England'' p. 426</ref>{{efn|Magnus was the son of St. Olaf of Norway, and his claim to the English throne came from a treaty Harthacnut and Magnus signed around 1038 that provided that if either of the two should die without heirs, the other would inherit their kingdom.<ref name=ASE419>Stenton ''Anglo-Saxon England'' pp. 419–421</ref>}} Some suspected that Stigand had urged Emma to support Magnus, and claimed that his deposition was because of this.<ref name=Mason44>Mason ''House of Godwine'' p. 44</ref> Contributing factors in Emma and Stigand's fall included Emma's wealth, and dislike of her political influence, which was linked to the reign of the unpopular Harthacnut.<ref name=Stafford87>Stafford ''Unification and Conquest'' p. 87</ref>

[[File:British.Library.MS.Add.33241.jpg|left |thumb|350px|[[Emma of Normandy]], seated with sons [[Harthacnut]] and [[Edward the Confessor]], in this manuscript copy of the ''[[Encomium Emmae Reginae]]'' from about 1042|alt=Two pages from an illuminated book, one page with a seated female figure receiving a book from two males. The other page has coloured writing on it.]]

By 1046 Stigand had begun to witness charters of Edward the Confessor, showing that he was once again in royal favour.<ref name=Smith201>Smith "Archbishop Stigand" ''Anglo-Norman Studies 16'' p. 201</ref> In 1047 Stigand was [[Translation (ecclesiastical)|translated]] to the [[Bishop of Winchester|see of Winchester]],<ref name=Handbook217/><ref name=Handbook223>Fryde, et al. ''Handbook of British Chronology'' p. 223</ref> but he retained Elmham until 1052.<ref name=Barlow87>Barlow ''Edward the Confessor'' p. 87</ref> He may have owed the preferment to Earl [[Godwin, Earl of Wessex|Godwin of Wessex]], the father-in-law of King Edward,<ref name=Loyn58>Loyn ''English Church'' pp. 58–62</ref> although that is disputed by some historians.<ref name=1000Church108>Barlow ''English Church 1000–1066'' p. 108</ref> Emma, who had retired to Winchester after regaining Edward's favour, may also have influenced the appointment, either alone or in concert with Godwin. After his appointment to Winchester, Stigand was a witness to all the surviving charters of King Edward during the period 1047 to 1052.<ref name=Smith201/>

Some historians, such as [[Frank Barlow (historian)|Frank Barlow]] and Emma Mason, state that Stigand supported Earl Godwin in his quarrel with Edward the Confessor in 1051–1052;<ref name=Barlow123>Barlow ''Edward the Confessor'' p. 123</ref><ref name=Mason65>Mason ''House of Godwine'' p. 65</ref> others, including Ian Walker, hold that he was neutral.<ref name=Walker49>Walker ''Harold'' p. 49</ref> Stigand, whether or not he was a supporter of Godwin's, did not go into exile with the earl.<ref name=DNB/><ref name=Brooks305a>Brooks ''Early History'' pp. 305–306</ref> The quarrel started over a fight between [[Eustace II of Boulogne|Eustace of Boulogne]], brother-in-law of the king, and men of the town of Dover. The king ordered Godwin to punish the town, and the earl refused. Continued pressure from Edward undermined Godwin's position, and the earl and his family fled England in 1051.<ref name=Stafford90>Stafford ''Unification and Conquest'' pp. 90–91</ref> The earl returned in 1052 with a substantial armed force but eventually reached a peaceful accord with the king.<ref name=Barlow123/> Some medieval sources state that Stigand took part in the negotiations that reached a peace between the king and his earl;<ref name=Mason73>Mason ''House of Godwine'' p. 73</ref> the Canterbury manuscript of the ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' calls Stigand the king's chaplain and advisor during the negotiations.<ref name=Rex61>Rex ''Harold II'' p. 61</ref>