Editing Steve Wozniak (section)

==Career==
===Pre-Apple===
{{See also|History of Apple#1971–1985: Jobs and Wozniak}}
In 1969, Wozniak returned to the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] after being expelled from the [[University of Colorado Boulder]] in his first year for hacking the university's computer system.<ref name=CUIndependent /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.colorado.edu/chancellor/2016/02/24/chancellor |title=From the Chancellor - Office of the Chancellor |date=February 24, 2016 |publisher=[[University of Colorado Boulder]] |access-date=February 27, 2017 |archive-date=March 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312051811/http://www.colorado.edu/chancellor/2016/02/24/chancellor |url-status=live }}</ref> He re-enrolled at [[De Anza College]] in Cupertino before transferring to the [[University of California, Berkeley]], in 1971.<ref name="Apple Confidential" />{{rp|page=1}} In June of that year, for a self-taught engineering project, Wozniak designed and built his first computer with his friend [[Bill Fernandez]].<ref name="Apple Confidential" />{{rp|page=1}} 

Predating useful microprocessors, screens, and keyboards, and using [[punch card]]s and only 20 [[Transistor–transistor logic|TTL]] chips donated by an acquaintance, they named it "Cream Soda" after their [[cream soda|favorite beverage]]. A newspaper reporter stepped on the power supply cable and blew up the computer, but it served Wozniak as "a good prelude to my thinking 5 years later with the Apple I and Apple II computers".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://emberify.com/blog/cream-soda-the-first-computer/|title=Cream soda – The first computer|date=October 1, 2014|work=emberify.com|access-date=February 27, 2017|archive-date=February 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228083237/http://emberify.com/blog/cream-soda-the-first-computer/|url-status=live}}</ref> Before focusing his attention on Apple, he was employed at [[Hewlett-Packard]] (HP), where he designed calculators.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMRmG72LBU8 | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/UMRmG72LBU8| archive-date=October 28, 2021|title=Steve Wozniak Talks About HP |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=November 22, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It was during this time that he dropped out of Berkeley and befriended [[Steve Jobs]].<ref name=Jobs&Woz>{{cite web |url=http://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/steve-jobs-steve-wozniak |title=Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak |website=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] |publisher=[[Lemelson Foundation]] |access-date=November 22, 2017 |archive-date=September 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903231200/http://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/steve-jobs-steve-wozniak |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=" ABCnews" />

Wozniak was introduced to Jobs by Fernandez, who attended [[Homestead High School (Cupertino, California)|Homestead High School]] with Jobs in 1971. Jobs and Wozniak became friends when Jobs worked for the summer at HP, where Wozniak, too, was employed, working on a [[mainframe computer]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Young|first=Jefferey S.|title=Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward.|date=December 1988|publisher=Lynx Books|isbn=155802378X}}</ref>
{{blockquote|We first met in 1971 during my college years, while he was in high school. A friend said, 'you should meet Steve Jobs because he likes electronics, and he also plays pranks.' So he introduced us.|source=Steve Wozniak<ref name=ABCnews>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/PCWorld/story?id=3396207 |title=Three Minutes With Steve Wozniak |publisher=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |date=July 20, 2007 |access-date=November 10, 2013 |archive-date=November 10, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110220223/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/PCWorld/story?id=3396207 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}

[[file:Blue Box in museum.jpg|thumb|Steve Wozniak's [[blue box]] at the [[Computer History Museum]]]]
Their first business partnership began later that year when Wozniak read an article titled "Secrets of the Little Blue Box" from the October 1971 issue of ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'', and started to build his own "[[blue box]]es" that enabled one to make long-distance [[Phreaking|phone calls at no cost]].<ref>{{Cite book |first=Walter |last=Isaacson |year=2011 |title=Steve Jobs |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=9781451648546 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/stevejobs00isaa }} pp. 27–29</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a38878/steve-jobs-steve-wozniak-blue-box-phone-phreaking/ |title=How Blue Box Phone Phreaking Put Steve Jobs and Woz on the Road to Apple |work=[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]] |date=October 15, 2015 |access-date=November 26, 2019 |archive-date=December 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216111546/http://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a38878/steve-jobs-steve-wozniak-blue-box-phone-phreaking/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Jobs, who handled the sales of the blue boxes, managed to sell some two hundred of them for $150 each, and split the profit with Wozniak.{{sfn|Linzmayer|2004|pages=1–2}}{{sfn|O'Grady|2009|pages=1–2}} Jobs later told his biographer that if it had not been for Wozniak's blue boxes, "there wouldn't have been an Apple."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Isaacson |first=Walter |title=Steve Jobs |publisher=Simon and Schuster |year=2015 |isbn=9781501127625|p=30}}</ref>

In 1973, Jobs was working for [[arcade game]] company [[Atari, Inc.]] in [[Los Gatos, California]].<ref name="intoday1">{{cite magazine|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-visit-gave-a-vision-to-steve-jobs/1/154785.html |title=An exclusive interview with Daniel Kottke|magazine=[[India Today]]|date=September 13, 2011 |access-date=October 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073007/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/india-visit-gave-a-vision-to-steve-jobs/1/154785.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref> He was assigned to create a [[Printed circuit board|circuit board]] for the arcade video game ''[[Breakout (video game)|Breakout]]''. According to Atari co-founder [[Nolan Bushnell]], Atari offered $100 ({{Inflation|US|100|1973|fmt=eq}}) for each chip that was eliminated in the machine. Jobs had little knowledge of circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, by using [[Random-access memory|RAM]] for the brick representation. The fact that this prototype had no scoring or coin mechanisms meant Woz's prototype could not be used. Jobs was paid the full bonus regardless. Jobs told Wozniak that Atari gave them only $700 and that Wozniak's share was thus $350 ({{Inflation|US|350|1973|fmt=eq|r=-2}}).<ref name="breakout">{{cite web |url=http://www.woz.org/letters/general/91.html |title=Letters&nbsp;– General Questions Answered |access-date=June 20, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612071502/http://www.woz.org/letters/general/91.html |archive-date=June 12, 2011 }}, Woz.org<br />[[Steven L. Kent|Kent, Steven]]: "[[The Ultimate History of Video Games]]", pp. 71–73. Three Rivers, 2001. {{ISBN|0-7615-3643-4}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.arcade-history.com/index.php?page=detail&id=3397|title=Breakout|publisher=Arcade History|date=June 25, 2002|access-date=April 19, 2010|archive-date=January 5, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105140543/http://www.arcade-history.com/index.php?page=detail&id=3397|url-status=live}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://classicgaming.gamespy.com/View.php?view=Articles.Detail&id=395|title=Classic Gaming: A Complete History of Breakout|publisher=GameSpy|access-date=April 19, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813113450/http://classicgaming.gamespy.com/View.php?view=Articles.Detail&id=395|archive-date=August 13, 2013}}</ref><ref name="iWoz" />{{rp|pages=147–148, 180}} Wozniak did not learn about the actual $5,000 bonus ({{Inflation|US|5000|1973|fmt=eq|r=-2}}) until ten years later. While dismayed, he said that if Jobs had told him about it and had said he needed the money, Wozniak would have given it to him.<ref name=Isaacson>{{cite book|last=Isaacson|first=Walter|author-link=Walter Isaacson|title=Steve Jobs |year=2011 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-4516-4853-9 |title-link=Steve Jobs (book)}}</ref>{{rp|pages=104–107}}

In 1975, Wozniak began designing and developing the computer that would eventually make him famous, the [[Apple I]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Steidler-Dennison|first=Tony|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2buADxl3M9sC&q=wozniak+designed+apple+1+1975&pg=PA6|title=Mac for Linux Geeks|date=March 24, 2009|publisher=Apress|isbn=978-1-4302-1651-3|language=en|access-date=November 21, 2020|archive-date=March 1, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301054845/https://books.google.com/books?id=2buADxl3M9sC&q=wozniak+designed+apple+1+1975&pg=PA6|url-status=live}}</ref> With the Apple I, Wozniak was largely working to impress other members of the [[Palo Alto, California|Palo Alto]]–based [[Homebrew Computer Club]],<ref name="becomingsj"/>{{rp|pages=35–38}} a local group of electronics hobbyists interested in computing. The club was one of several key centers which established the home hobbyist era, essentially creating the microcomputer industry over the next few decades. Unlike other custom Homebrew designs, the Apple had an easy-to-achieve video capability that drew a crowd when it was unveiled.<ref name="FireValley" />

===Apple formation and success===
{{blockquote | Wozniak designed Apple's first products, the Apple I and II computers and he helped design the Macintosh — because he wanted to use them and they didn't exist.|source= CNBC retrospective<ref name="2 counterintuitive"/>}}
{{blockquote | Between Woz and Jobs, Woz was the innovator, the inventor. Steve Jobs was the marketing person.|source= Apple employee #12 [[Daniel Kottke]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://boingboing.net/2012/08/09/kottke.html |title=Searching for Magic in India and Silicon Valley: An Interview with Daniel Kottke, Apple Employee #12 |date=August 9, 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111073600/http://boingboing.net/2012/08/09/kottke.html |archive-date=January 11, 2014 |access-date=November 16, 2019}}</ref>}}
{{blockquote | Everything I did at Apple that was an A+ job and that took us places, I had two things in my favor&nbsp;... I had no money [and] I had had no training.|source= Steve Wozniak in 2010<ref name="2 counterintuitive">{{cite web | title=Steve Wozniak: 2 counterintuitive reasons I was able to build 'A+' products when Apple first started | date=May 14, 2019 | first=Catherine | last=Clifford | work=CNBC | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/14/steve-wozniak-why-i-was-able-to-build-a-apple-products.html | access-date=July 18, 2019 | archive-date=June 3, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603025120/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/05/14/steve-wozniak-why-i-was-able-to-build-a-apple-products.html | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
[[File:Original 1976 Apple 1 Computer In A Briefcase.JPG|thumb|An original 1976 [[Apple I]] computer in a briefcase, from the [[Sydney Powerhouse Museum]] collection]]
By March 1, 1976, Wozniak completed the basic design of the Apple I computer.<ref name="Apple Confidential"/>{{rp|pages=5–6}} He alone designed the hardware, circuit board designs, and operating system for the computer.<ref name="FireValley">{{cite book |title=Fire in the Valley |first1=Paul |last1=Freiberger |author-link1=Paul Freiberger |last2=Swaine |first2=Michael |author-link2=Michael Swaine (technical author) |year=2000 |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |isbn=0-07-135892-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/fireinvalleymaki00frei_0 }}</ref> Wozniak originally offered the design to [[Hewlett-Packard|HP]] while working there, but was denied by the company on five occasions.<ref name="AI">{{cite web |url=https://appleinsider.com/articles/10/12/06/apple_co_founder_offered_first_computer_design_to_hp_5_times |title=Apple co-founder offered first computer design to HP 5 times |date=December 7, 2010 |publisher=[[AppleInsider]] |access-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-date=August 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803155301/https://appleinsider.com/articles/10/12/06/apple_co_founder_offered_first_computer_design_to_hp_5_times |url-status=live }}</ref> Jobs then advised Wozniak to start a business of their own to build and sell bare [[printed circuit board]]s of the Apple I.<ref name="Apple Confidential"/>{{rp|pages=4–6}}<ref name="becomingsj">{{cite book |title=Becoming Steve Jobs: The Evolution of a Reckless Upstart into a Visionary Leader|first1=Brent |last1=Schlender |first2=Rick |last2=Tetzeli|date=2016 |publisher=Crown Business; Reprint edition|isbn=9780385347426}}</ref>{{rp|pages=35–38}} Wozniak, at first skeptical, was later convinced by Jobs that even if they were not successful they could at least say to their grandchildren that they had had their own company. To raise the money they needed to build the first batch of the circuit boards, Wozniak sold his [[HP-65|HP scientific calculator]] while Jobs sold his [[Volkswagen Type 2|Volkswagen van]].<ref name="Apple Confidential"/>{{rp|pages=4–6}}<ref name="becomingsj"/>{{rp|pages=35–38}}

On April 1, 1976, Jobs and Wozniak formed the Apple Computer Company (now called [[Apple Inc.]]) along with administrative supervisor [[Ronald Wayne]], whose participation in the new venture was short-lived. The two decided on the name "Apple" shortly after Jobs returned from Oregon and told Wozniak about his time spent on an [[apple orchard]] there.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.brandingstrategyinsider.com/2011/11/how-did-apple-computer-get-its-brand-name.html#.WgCTJhNSyt8 |title=How Did Apple Computer Get Its Brand Name? |work=Branding Strategy Insider |date=November 17, 2011 |access-date=December 25, 2017 |archive-date=July 4, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704125732/https://www.brandingstrategyinsider.com/2011/11/how-did-apple-computer-get-its-brand-name.html#.WgCTJhNSyt8 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the company was formed, Jobs and Wozniak made one last trip to the Homebrew Computer Club to give a presentation of the fully assembled version of the Apple I.<ref name="becomingsj"/>{{rp|pages=39–40}} [[Paul Terrell]], who was starting a new computer shop in [[Mountain View, California]], called the [[Byte Shop]],<ref name="iWoz">{{cite book |last1=Wozniak |first1=Steve |title=iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It |title-link=iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I Invented the Personal Computer, Co-Founded Apple, and Had Fun Doing It |last2=Smith |first2=Gina |author2-link=Gina Smith (author) |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |year=2006 |isbn=0-393-06143-4 |oclc=502898652}}</ref> saw the presentation and was impressed by the machine.<ref name=Isaacson />{{rp|pages=66–67}} Terrell told Jobs that he would order 50 units of the Apple I and pay $500 ({{Inflation|US|500|1976|fmt=eq|r=-1}}) each on delivery, but only if they came fully assembled, as he was not interested in buying bare printed circuit boards.<ref name="Apple Confidential"/>{{rp|page=7}}<ref name=Isaacson />{{rp|pages=66–67}}

Together the duo assembled the first boards in Jobs's parents' [[Los Altos, California|Los Altos]] home; initially in his bedroom and later (when there was no space left) in the garage. Wozniak's apartment in San Jose was filled with monitors, electronic devices, and computer games that he had developed. The Apple I sold for $666.66. Wozniak later said he had no idea about the relation between the number and the [[Number of the beast|mark of the beast]], and that he came up with the price because he liked "repeating digits".<ref name=VintageNews>{{cite news |first=Goran |last=Blazeski |title=Apple-1, Steve Wozniak's hand-built creation, was Apple's first official product, priced at $666.66 |url=https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/11/25/apples-first-official-product-was-priced-at-666-66/ |website=The Vintage News |date=November 25, 2017 |access-date=November 24, 2019 |archive-date=July 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726090158/https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/11/25/apples-first-official-product-was-priced-at-666-66/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They sold their first 50 system boards to Terrell later that year.{{clarify|date=November 2019}}

{{External media
| width = 210px
|image1 = [https://img.gazeta.ru/files3/725/13190725/upload-upload-04-pic4_zoom-1000x1000-18187-pic4_zoom-1500x1500-65192.jpg Wozniak and Steve Jobs with an Apple I circuit board, c. 1976.]
}}
In November 1976, Jobs and Wozniak received substantial funding from a then-semi-retired [[Intel]] product marketing manager and engineer named [[Mike Markkula]].<ref name="Markkula1997">{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/01/business/an-unknown-co-founder-leaves-after-20-years-of-glory-and-turmoil.html |title=An 'Unknown' Co-Founder Leaves After 20 Years of Glory and Turmoil |last=Markoff |first=John |date=September 1, 1997 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=October 7, 2019 |archive-date=January 2, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102015839/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/01/business/an-unknown-co-founder-leaves-after-20-years-of-glory-and-turmoil.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Apple Confidential"/>{{rp|page=10}} At the request of Markkula, Wozniak resigned from his job at HP and became the vice president in charge of research and development at Apple. Wozniak's Apple I was similar to the [[Altair 8800]], the first commercially available microcomputer, except the Apple I had no provision for internal expansion cards. With expansion cards, the Altair could attach to a computer terminal and be programmed in [[BASIC]]. In contrast, the Apple I was a hobbyist machine. Wozniak's design included a $25 [[CPU]] ([[MOS Technology 6502|MOS 6502]]) on a single circuit board with 256 [[byte]]s of [[Read-only memory|ROM]], 4K or 8K bytes of [[Random-access memory|RAM]], and a 40-character by 24-row display controller. Apple's first computer lacked a case, power supply, keyboard, and display{{emdash}}all components that had to be provided by the user. Eventually about 200 Apple I computers were produced in total.<ref name="wozniak198412">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1984-12/1984_12_BYTE_09-13_Communications#page/n461/mode/2up | title=The Apple Story / Part 1: Early History | work=[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]] | date=December 1984 | access-date=November 16, 2019 |author1=Williams, Gregg |author2=Moore, Rob | pages=A67 | type=interview}}</ref>

[[File:Micromodem II in Apple II.jpg|thumb|An [[Apple II]] computer with an external [[modem]]]]
After the success of the Apple I, Wozniak designed the Apple II, the first personal computer with the ability to display color graphics, and BASIC programming language built in.<ref name="iWoz" /> Inspired by "the technique [[Atari]] used to simulate colors on its first [[arcade game]]s", Wozniak found a way of putting colors into the [[NTSC]] system by using a {{US$|1}} chip,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.macstories.net/news/woz-putting-color-in-the-computer-was-one-of-the-biggest-things-apple-ever-did/|title=Woz: Putting Color In The Computer Was One Of The Biggest Things Apple Ever Did|work=macstories.net|date=February 9, 2011 |access-date=September 27, 2014|archive-date=April 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408220809/http://www.macstories.net/news/woz-putting-color-in-the-computer-was-one-of-the-biggest-things-apple-ever-did/|url-status=live}}</ref> while colors in the [[PAL]] system are achieved by "accident" when a dot occurs on a line, and he says that to this day he has no idea how it works.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.forbes.com/sites/danschawbel/2012/11/26/steve-wozniak-his-career-challenges-steve-jobs-tech-trends-and-advice/ |title= Steve Wozniak: His Career Challenges, Steve Jobs, Tech Trends and Advice |first= Dan |last= Schawbel |work= [[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]] |access-date= September 15, 2017 |archive-date= August 4, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170804120249/https://www.forbes.com/sites/danschawbel/2012/11/26/steve-wozniak-his-career-challenges-steve-jobs-tech-trends-and-advice/ |url-status= live }}</ref> During the design stage, Jobs argued that the Apple II should have two [[expansion slot]]s, while Wozniak wanted eight.<ref name="iWoz" /> After a heated argument, during which Wozniak threatened that Jobs should "go get himself another computer", they decided to go with eight slots. Jobs and Wozniak introduced the Apple II at the April 1977 [[West Coast Computer Faire]]. Wozniak's first article about the Apple II was in ''[[Byte (magazine)|Byte]]'' magazine in May 1977.<ref name="The Apple-II by Woz">{{cite magazine | magazine=Byte | title=The Apple-II | first=Stephen | last=Wozniak | date=May 1977 | volume=2 | issue=5 | page=36 | url=https://archive.org/details/byte-magazine-1977-05/page/n35 | access-date=July 18, 2019}}</ref> It became one of the first highly successful mass-produced personal computers in the world. Wozniak also designed the [[Disk II]] [[floppy disk drive]], released in 1978 specifically for use with the [[Apple II]] to replace the slower [[Cassette tape#Data recording|cassette tape]] storage.

In 1980, Apple went public to instant and significant financial profitability, making Jobs and Wozniak both millionaires. The Apple II's intended successor, the [[Apple III]], released the same year, was a commercial failure and was discontinued in 1984. According to Wozniak, the Apple III "had 100 percent hardware failures", and that the primary reason for these failures was that the system was designed by Apple's marketing department, unlike Apple's previous engineering-driven projects.<ref name="byte198501"/>

[[File:Computer macintosh 128k, 1984 (all about Apple onlus).jpg|thumb|An original [[Macintosh]] with hardware]]
During the early design and development phase of the [[Macintosh 128K|original Macintosh]], Wozniak had a heavy influence over the project along with [[Jef Raskin]], who conceived the computer. Later named the "Macintosh 128k", it would become the first mass-market personal computer featuring an integral [[graphical user interface]] and [[Computer mouse|mouse]]. The Macintosh would also go on to introduce the [[desktop publishing]] industry with the addition of the Apple [[LaserWriter]], the first [[laser printer]] to feature [[vector graphics]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/applehis/appl1984.htm |title=Chronology of Apple Computer Personal Computers |last=Polsson |first=Ken |date=July 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090821105822/http://www.islandnet.com/~kpolsson/applehis/appl1984.htm |archive-date=August 21, 2009 |access-date=October 29, 2019}} See May 3, 1984.</ref> In a 2013 interview, Wozniak said that in 1981, "Steve [Jobs] really took over the project when I had a plane crash and wasn't there."<ref name=wozorg/><ref name=TheVerge/>

===Plane crash and temporary leave from Apple===
On February 7, 1981, the [[Beechcraft Bonanza]] A36TC which Wozniak was piloting (and not qualified to operate<ref>{{cite web |title = NTSB Identification: LAX81FA044 |url = https://www.ntsb.gov/Pages/brief.aspx?ev_id=27749 |publisher = National Transportation Safety Board |access-date = December 27, 2023 |archive-date = December 27, 2023 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231227075838/https://www.ntsb.gov/Pages/brief.aspx?ev_id=27749 |url-status = live }}</ref>) crashed soon after takeoff from the [[Santa Cruz Sky Park|Sky Park Airport]] in [[Scotts Valley, California|Scotts Valley]], [[California]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Tirrell |first=Rick |title= The wisdom of resilience builders : how our best leaders create the world's most enduring enterprises |year=2009 |publisher= [[AuthorHouse]] |location=Bloomington, IN|isbn=978-1-4490-5323-9|page=236}}</ref> The airplane stalled while climbing, then bounced down the runway, broke through two fences, and crashed into an embankment. Wozniak and his three passengers—then-fiancée [[Candice Clark]], her brother Jack Clark, and Jack's girlfriend, Janet Valleau—were injured. Wozniak sustained severe face and head injuries, including losing a tooth, and also suffered for the following five weeks from [[anterograde amnesia]], the inability to create new memories. He had no memory of the crash, and did not remember his name while in the hospital or the things he did for a time after he was released.<ref name="byte198501">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/details/BYTE_Vol_10-01_1985-01_Through_The_Hourglass/page/n167/mode/2up | title=The Apple Story / Part 2: More History and the Apple III | work=Byte | date=January 1985 | access-date=October 26, 2013 |last1=Williams |first1=Gregg |last2=Moore |first2=Rob | page=166 | type=interview}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=O'Grady|first=Jason D.|title=Apple Inc.|year=2009|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn.|isbn=978-0-313-36244-6|page=27}}</ref> He would later state that Apple II computer games were what helped him regain his memory.<ref name="iWoz"/> The [[National Transportation Safety Board]] investigation report cited premature liftoff and pilot inexperience as probable causes of the crash.<ref name="Apple Confidential">{{cite book|last=Linzmayer|first=Owen W.|title=Apple Confidential 2.0 : The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company|year=2004|publisher=No Starch Press|location=San Francisco, Calif.|isbn=1-59327-010-0|edition=Rev. 2nd}}</ref>{{rp|pages=28–30}}

Wozniak did not immediately return to Apple after recovering from the airplane crash, seeing it as a good reason to leave.<ref name="byte198501"/> ''Infinite Loop'' characterized this time: "Coming out of the semi-coma had been like flipping a reset switch in Woz's brain. It was as if in his thirty-year old body he had regained the mind he'd had at eighteen before all the computer madness had begun. And when that happened, Woz found he had little interest in engineering or design. Rather, in an odd sort of way, he wanted to start over fresh."<ref name="Infinite Loop">{{cite book|author-link=Michael S. Malone|first=Michael S.|last=Malone|year=1999|title=Infinite Loop|publisher=Currency/Doubleday |isbn=978-0-385-48684-2|oclc=971131326|url=https://archive.org/details/infiniteloophoww00malo}}</ref>{{rp|322}}

===UC Berkeley and US Festivals===
[[File:Steve Wozniak, 1983.jpg|thumb|Wozniak in 1983]]
Later in 1981, after recovering from the plane crash, Wozniak re-enrolled at UC Berkeley to complete his [[Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences]] degree that he started there in 1971 (and which he would finish in 1986).<ref>[https://engineering.berkeley.edu/steve-wozniak-inventor-and-apple-co-founder/ Berkeley Engineering - Steve Wozniak: Inventor and Apple co-founder] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802192606/https://engineering.berkeley.edu/steve-wozniak-inventor-and-apple-co-founder/ |date=August 2, 2022 }} Retrieved August 2, 2022</ref> Because his name was well known at this point, he enrolled under the name Rocky Raccoon Clark, which is the name listed on his diploma,<ref name=wozorg/><ref name="wozemployee"/><ref name=theconversation/> although he did not officially receive his degree in electrical engineering and computer sciences until 1987.<ref name=Jobs&Woz/><ref name=wozorg/>

In May 1982 and 1983, Wozniak, with help from professional concert promoter [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill Graham]], founded the company Unuson, an abbreviation of "unite us in song",<ref name="World According">{{cite magazine | magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] | date=September 1, 1998 | first=Gary | last=Wolf | title=The World According to Woz | url=https://www.wired.com/1998/09/woz/ | access-date=July 18, 2019 | archive-date=October 10, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191010015319/https://www.wired.com/1998/09/woz/ | url-status=live }}</ref> which sponsored two [[US Festival]]s, with "US" pronounced like the pronoun, not as initials. Initially intended to celebrate evolving technologies, the festivals ended up as a technology exposition and a rock festival as a combination of music, computers, television, and people. After losing several million dollars on the 1982 festival, Wozniak stated that unless the 1983 event turned a profit, he would end his involvement with rock festivals and get back to designing computers.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Us Festival: More Music, Money and Madness|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=June 9, 1983 |issue=397|pages=42–45}}</ref> Later that year, Wozniak returned to Apple product development, desiring no more of a role than that of an engineer and a motivational factor for the Apple workforce.<ref name="iWoz" /><ref name="Infinite Loop"/>{{rp|323–324}}

===Return to Apple product development===
[[File:Steve Wozniak and Andy Hertzfeld 1985.jpg|thumb|Wozniak and Macintosh system software designer [[Andy Hertzfeld]] at an [[Apple User Group Connection]] meeting in 1985]]
Starting in the mid-1980s, as the Macintosh experienced slow but steady growth, Apple's corporate leadership, including Steve Jobs, increasingly disrespected its [[Flagship#Flagship as metaphor|flagship]] [[cash cow]] Apple II series{{emdash}}and Wozniak along with it. The Apple II division{{emdash}}other than Wozniak{{emdash}}was not invited to the Macintosh introduction event, and Wozniak was seen kicking the dirt in the parking lot.<ref name="Steve Thumbs">{{cite book | title=My Close Encounters With Steve Jobs | chapter=Chapter 10: Steve Thumbs his Nose at the Apple II | first=David | last=Bunnell | date=April 30, 2010 | via=Cult of Mac | chapter-url=https://www.cultofmac.com/40434/steve-thumbs-his-nose-at-the-apple-ii-recollections/ | access-date=July 19, 2019 | archive-date=July 19, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719104951/https://www.cultofmac.com/40434/steve-thumbs-his-nose-at-the-apple-ii-recollections/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Although Apple II products provided about 85% of Apple's sales in early 1985, the company's January 1985 annual meeting did not mention the Apple II division or its employees, a typical situation that frustrated Wozniak.<ref name="rice19850415">{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zC4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35 | title=Unrecognized Apple II Employees Exit | work=[[InfoWorld]] | date=April 15, 1985 | access-date=February 4, 2015 | last=Rice | first=Valerie | page=35 | archive-date=March 1, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301054845/https://books.google.com/books?id=zC4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA35 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Final departure from Apple workforce===
Even with the success he had helped to create at Apple, Wozniak believed that the company was hindering him from being who he wanted to be, and that it was "the bane of his existence".<ref name="Flatow" /> He enjoyed engineering, not management, and said that he missed "the fun of the early days".<ref name="wozemployee"/> As other talented engineers joined the growing company, he no longer believed he was needed there.<ref name="iWoz" /> By early 1985, Wozniak left Apple again and sold most of his stock.<ref name="rice19850415"/> Media coverage attributed his departure to disagreements with Apple management, quoting his statement that Apple had "been going in the wrong direction for the last five years",<ref name="rice19850415"/> but Wozniak later objected to this portrayal and stated that he left primarily because he was excited to start [[CL 9]] and recapture the fun of developing a new technology.<ref name="iWoz" />{{rp|page=266|quote=So I made some comments like this, and then the reporter asked, "So that's the reason you're leaving?" And I said, point-blank, "Oh no, that's not the reason. I'm leaving because I want to do this remote control." But the Wall Street Journal printed the article suggesting I was mad at Apple and that was the reason I was leaving.}}

The Apple II platform financially carried the company well into the Macintosh era of the late 1980s;<ref name="rice19850415"/> it was made semi-portable with the [[Apple IIc]] of 1984, and was extended, with some input from Wozniak, by the [[16-bit computing|16-bit]] [[Apple IIGS]] of 1986, and was discontinued altogether when the [[Apple IIe]] was discontinued on November 15, 1993 (although the [[Apple IIe Card|Apple IIe card]], which allowed compatible Macintosh computers to run Apple II software and use certain Apple II peripherals, was produced until May 1995).

===Post-Apple===
[[File:Woz signs Modbook.jpg|thumb|Wozniak signs a [[Axiotron Modbook|Modbook]] at [[Macworld Expo]] in 2009]]
After his career at Apple, Wozniak founded [[CL 9]] in 1985, which developed and brought the first programmable [[universal remote]] control to market in 1987, called the "CORE".<ref name="iWoz" /> Beyond engineering, Wozniak's second lifelong goal had always been to teach elementary school because of the important role teachers play in students' lives. Eventually, he did teach computer classes to children from the fifth through ninth grades, and teachers as well.<ref name=theconversation>{{Cite news|url=http://theconversation.com/interview-steve-wozniak-apple-co-founder-and-inventor-of-the-home-computer-64313|title=Interview: Steve Wozniak, Apple co-founder and inventor of the home computer|work=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]|first=David|last=Glancer|date=August 26, 2016|access-date=May 17, 2017|archive-date=May 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513202022/http://theconversation.com/interview-steve-wozniak-apple-co-founder-and-inventor-of-the-home-computer-64313|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Flatow">Flatow, Ira. ''Present at the Future: From Evolution to Nanotechnology, Candid and Controversial Conversations on Science and Nature''. USA: [[HarperCollins]], 2007. 263-4. Print.</ref> Unuson continued to support this, funding additional teachers and equipment.<ref name="World According"/>

In 2001, Wozniak founded [[Wheels of Zeus]] (WOZ)<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://edition.cnn.com/2002/TECH/industry/01/24/wozniak.zeus.idg/ |title= Apple co-founder turns the Wheels of Zeus |date= January 24, 2002 |last= Costello |first= Sam |publisher= [[CNN]] |access-date= October 19, 2017 |archive-date= October 19, 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019163838/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/TECH/industry/01/24/wozniak.zeus.idg/ |url-status= live }}</ref> to create wireless [[GPS]] technology to "help everyday people find everyday things much more easily". In 2002, he joined the board of directors of [[Ripcord Networks]], Inc., joining Apple alumni [[Ellen Hancock]], [[Gil Amelio]], Mike Connor, and Wheels of Zeus co-founder [[Alex Fielding]] in a new [[telecommunications]] venture. Later the same year he joined the board of directors of [[Danger (company)|Danger, Inc.]], the maker of the [[Danger Hiptop|Hip Top]].

In 2006, Wheels of Zeus was closed, and Wozniak founded [[Acquicor Technology]], a [[holding company]] for acquiring technology companies and developing them, with Apple alumni Hancock and Amelio. From 2009 through 2014 he was chief scientist at [[Fusion-io]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/05/technology/business-computing/05wozniak.html |title= Wozniak Accepts Post at a Storage Start-Up |first= Ashlee |last= Vance |author-link=Ashlee Vance |work= The New York Times |date= February 4, 2009 |access-date= September 28, 2016 |archive-date= August 22, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180822232534/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/05/technology/business-computing/05wozniak.html |url-status= live }}</ref> In 2014 he became chief scientist at Primary Data, which was founded by some former Fusion-io executives.<ref>{{cite news |title= The Band's Back Together: Woz Joins Startup Primary Data |date= November 19, 2014 |first= Chris |last= Preimesberger |work= [[eWeek]] |url= https://www.eweek.com/virtualization/the-band-s-back-together-woz-joins-startup-primary-data/ |access-date= September 28, 2016 }}</ref> [[Silicon Valley Comic Con]] (SVCC) is an annual [[pop culture]] and [[technology]] [[Convention (meeting)|convention]] at the [[San Jose McEnery Convention Center]] in [[San Jose, California]]. The convention was co-founded by Wozniak and Rick White, with Trip Hunter as CEO.<ref>{{cite web|title=Silicon Valley Comic Con WOZ Welcome Address, published on YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]| date=May 2, 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9v2rpUoWRAI| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/9v2rpUoWRAI| archive-date=October 28, 2021|access-date=May 2, 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Wozniak announced the annual event in 2015 along with [[Marvel Comics|Marvel]] legend [[Stan Lee]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Silicon Valley Comic Con 2016, published on YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]| date=April 17, 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFk84ZnLDRc| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211028/tFk84ZnLDRc| archive-date=October 28, 2021|access-date=March 20, 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In October 2017, Wozniak founded [[Woz U]], an online educational technology service for independent students and employees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2017/10/13/apple-steve-wozniak-launches-woz-u-tech-school.html|title=Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak launches 'Woz U' tech school|last=Stangel|first=Luke|date=October 13, 2017|website=Bizjournals|access-date=May 5, 2019|archive-date=November 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101011729/https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2017/10/13/apple-steve-wozniak-launches-woz-u-tech-school.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of December 2018, Woz U was licensed as a school with the [[Arizona]] state board.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-education/2018/12/20/woz-u-complaint-over-quality-steve-wozniak-scottsdale-school-dismissed/2343067002/|title=Complaint over quality of Woz U, Steve Wozniak's Scottsdale school, dismissed|website=azcentral|language=en|access-date=May 5, 2019}}</ref>

Though permanently leaving Apple as an active employee in 1985, Wozniak chose to never remove himself from the official employee list, and continues to represent the company at events or in interviews.<ref name="wozemployee"/> Today he receives a stipend from Apple for this role, estimated in 2006 to be {{US$|120000}} per year.<ref name="iWoz" /><ref name="wozemployee">{{Cite news|url=http://woz.org/letters/never-left-apple/|title=I Never Left Apple|date=January 3, 2018|work=Woz.org|access-date=October 2, 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=March 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327162321/http://woz.org/letters/never-left-apple/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cnn.com/video/?%2Fvideo%2Fbestoftv%2F2011%2F08%2F25%2Fexp.piers.wozniak.jobs.reaction.cnn | work=CNN | title=CNN Video | access-date=October 15, 2011 | archive-date=February 3, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203113642/http://www.cnn.com/video/?%2Fvideo%2Fbestoftv%2F2011%2F08%2F25%2Fexp.piers.wozniak.jobs.reaction.cnn | url-status=live }}</ref> He is also an Apple shareholder.<ref name="wozstock">[http://www.fool.com/research/2000/features000302.htm Apple's ''Other'' Steve (Stock Research)] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061019134707/http://www.fool.com/research/2000/features000302.htm |date=October 19, 2006 }} March 2, 2000, [[The Motley Fool]].</ref> He maintained a friendly acquaintance with Steve Jobs until Jobs's death in October 2011.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Krishnamoorthy|first1=Anand|last2=Li|first2=Susan|title=Jobs's Death Was Like Lennon, JFK Getting Shot, Wozniak Says|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-10-06/steve-jobs-s-death-struck-like-john-lennon-jfk-getting-shot-wozniak-says|work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|date=October 6, 2011|access-date=March 25, 2015|archive-date=November 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112175804/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2011-10-06/steve-jobs-s-death-struck-like-john-lennon-jfk-getting-shot-wozniak-says|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in 2006, Wozniak stated that he and Jobs were not as close as they used to be.<ref>{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=Kim |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2002929498_wozqa14.html |title=Steve Wozniak Q & A |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |date=April 16, 2006 |access-date=March 22, 2013 |archive-date=July 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711132610/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2002929498_wozqa14.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 

In a 2013 interview, Wozniak said that the original [[Mac (computer)|Macintosh]] "failed" under Steve Jobs, and that it was not until Jobs left that it became a success. He called the [[Apple Lisa]] group the team that had kicked Jobs out, and that Jobs liked to call the Lisa group "idiots for making [the Lisa computer] too expensive". To compete with the Lisa, Jobs and his new team produced a cheaper computer, one that, according to Wozniak, was "weak", "lousy" and "still at a fairly high price". "He made it by cutting the RAM down, by forcing you to swap disks here and there", says Wozniak. He attributed the eventual success of the Macintosh to people like [[John Sculley]] "who worked to build a Macintosh market when the Apple II went away".<ref name=TheVerge>{{cite web|title=Steve Wozniak on Newton, Tesla, and why the original Macintosh was a 'lousy' product|url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/6/27/4468314/steve-wozniak-on-how-the-newton-changed-his-life|access-date=June 28, 2013|work=[[The Verge]]|date=June 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312014832/http://www.theverge.com/2013/6/27/4468314/steve-wozniak-on-how-the-newton-changed-his-life|archive-date=March 12, 2016}}</ref>

At the end of 2020, Wozniak announced the launch of a new company helmed by him, Efforce. Efforce is described as a marketplace for funding ecologically friendly projects. It used a WOZX [[cryptocurrency]] token for funding and blockchain to redistribute the profit to token holders and businesses engaged on the platform.<ref>{{cite web|last=Clifford|first=Catherine|title=Steve Wozniak is starting another company, 45 years after co-founding Apple with Steve Jobs|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/04/apple-co-founder-steve-wozniak-is-starting-a-second-company-efforce.html|date=December 4, 2020|access-date=December 5, 2020|work=[[CNBC]]|archive-date=December 5, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205135221/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/04/apple-co-founder-steve-wozniak-is-starting-a-second-company-efforce.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2021, it was reported that Wozniak was also starting a company alongside co-founder [[Alex Fielding]] named Privateer Space to address the problem of [[space debris]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Steve Wozniak's latest moonshot is a private space company |url=https://www.engadget.com/steve-wozniak-privateer-space-160142857.html |last=Bonifacic |first=Igor |date=September 13, 2021 |website=Engadget |language=en-US |access-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914071523/https://www.engadget.com/steve-wozniak-privateer-space-160142857.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=September 14, 2021|title=Steve Wozniak, Co-Founder of Apple, Announces His Own Aerospace Company Privateer Space With Enigmatic VIDEO|url=https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/business/article/Steve-Wozniak-Co-Founder-of-Apple-Announces-His-16456121.php|newspaper=Stamford Advocate|language=en-US|access-date=September 14, 2021|archive-date=September 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914071516/https://www.stamfordadvocate.com/business/article/Steve-Wozniak-Co-Founder-of-Apple-Announces-His-16456121.php|url-status=live |last1=Español |first1=Entrepreneur en }}</ref>  Privateer Space debuted the first version of its space traffic monitoring software on March 1, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Jackie Wattles |title=Steve Wozniak's new venture takes aim at space junk |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/01/tech/space-junk-steve-wozniak-privateer-scn/index.html |access-date=March 1, 2022 |website=CNN |date=March 2022 |archive-date=March 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301180305/https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/01/tech/space-junk-steve-wozniak-privateer-scn/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, Wozniak sued [[YouTube]] in respect to a scam that was being circulated on the platform using his likeness. Later, he won after a San Jose appeals court ruled YouTube was liable for failing to combat it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-21 |title=Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak wins latest round in lawsuit vs. YouTube over Bitcoin scam |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/apple-co-founder-steve-wozniak-wins-latest-round-in-lawsuit-vs-youtube-over-bitcoin-scam/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406011147/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/apple-co-founder-steve-wozniak-wins-latest-round-in-lawsuit-vs-youtube-over-bitcoin-scam/ |archive-date=April 6, 2024 |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US}}</ref>