Editing Steve Biko (section)

===Early life: 1946–1966===
Bantu Stephen Biko was born on 18 December 1946,{{sfnm|1a1=Woods|1y=1978|1p=49|2a1=Wilson|2y=2012|2p=18|3a1=Hill|3y=2015|3p=xxi}} at his grandmother's house in [[Tarkastad]], [[Eastern Cape]].{{sfnm|1a1=Wilson|1y=2012|1p=18|2a1=Hill|2y=2015|2p=xxi}} The third child of Mzingaye Mathew Biko and Alice 'Mamcete' Biko,{{sfnm|1a1=Smit|1y=1995|1p=18|2a1=Wilson|2y=2012|2p=18|3a1=Hill|3y=2015|3p=xxi}} he had an older sister, Bukelwa, an older brother, Khaya, and a younger sister, Nobandile.{{sfnm|1a1=Wilson|1y=2012|1p=19|2a1=Mangcu|2y=2014|2p=89}} His parents had married in [[Whittlesea, Eastern Cape|Whittlesea]], where his father worked as a police officer. Mzingaye was transferred to [[Queenstown, Eastern Cape|Queenstown]], [[Port Elizabeth]], [[Fort Cox, Eastern Cape|Fort Cox]], and finally [[King William's Town]], where he and Alice settled in [[Ginsberg, Eastern Cape|Ginsberg township]].{{sfn|Wilson|2012|p=19}} This was a settlement of around 800 families, with every four families sharing a water supply and toilet.{{sfn|Wilson|2012|p=20}} Both [[Ethnic groups of Africa|Africans]] and [[Coloureds|Coloured]] people lived in the [[township (South Africa)|township]],{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|p=235}} where [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], [[Afrikaans]], and English were all spoken.{{sfn|Wilson|2012|pp=20, 22}} After resigning from the police force, Mzingaye worked as a clerk in the King William's Town Native Affairs Office,{{sfnm|1a1=Smit|1y=1995|1p=18|2a1=Mangcu|2y=2014|2p=88}} while studying for a law degree by correspondence from the [[University of South Africa]].{{sfnm|1a1=Wilson|1y=2012|1p=19|2a1=Mangcu|2y=2014|2p=88}} Alice was employed first in domestic work for local white households, then as a cook at [[Grey Hospital]] in King William's Town.{{sfnm|1a1=Smit|1y=1995|1p=18|2a1=Wilson|2y=2012|2p=20}} According to his sister, it was this observation of his mother's difficult working conditions that resulted in Biko's earliest politicisation.{{sfn|Cock|1989|p=3}}

[[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-214-41-Derivative-01.jpg|thumb|left|Biko was briefly educated at the Lovedale boarding school in Alice.|alt=A black and white photograph of a large mansion house, surrounded by various trees]]

Biko's given name "Bantu" means "people" in [[Xhosa language|IsiXhosa]]; Biko interpreted this in terms of the saying ''"Umntu ngumntu ngabantu"'' ("a person is a person by means of other people").{{sfn|Wilson|2012|p=18}} As a child he was nicknamed "Goofy" and "Xwaku-Xwaku", the latter a reference to his unkempt appearance.{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|p=32}} He was raised in his family's [[Anglican Church of Southern Africa|Anglican]] Christian faith.{{sfnm|1a1=Woods|1y=1978|1p=96|2a1=Wilson|2y=2012|2p=19}} In 1950, when Biko was four, his father fell ill, was hospitalised in [[St. Matthew's Hospital]], [[Keiskammahoek]], and died,{{sfnm|1a1=Smit|1y=1995|1p=18|2a1=Wilson|2y=2012|2p=19|3a1=Mangcu|3y=2014|3p=88}} making the family dependent on his mother's income.{{sfn|Wilson|2012|p=20}}

Biko spent two years at St. Andrews Primary School and four at Charles Morgan Higher Primary School, both in Ginsberg.{{sfnm|1a1=Woods|1y=1978|1p=49|2a1=Smit|2y=1995|2p=18|3a1=Mangcu|3y=2014|3pp=97–98}} Regarded as a particularly intelligent pupil, he was allowed to [[grade skipping|skip a year]].{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|p=98}} In 1963 he transferred to the Forbes Grant Secondary School in the township.{{sfnm|1a1=Smit|1y=1995|1p=18|2a1=Wilson|2y=2012|2p=22|3a1=Mangcu|3y=2014|3pp=100–101}} Biko excelled at maths and English and topped the class in his exams.{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|p=102}} In 1964 the Ginsberg community offered him a bursary to join his brother Khaya as a student at [[Lovedale (South Africa)|Lovedale]], a prestigious [[boarding school]] in [[Alice, Eastern Cape]].{{sfnm|1a1=Wilson|1y=2012|1p=23|2a1=Mangcu|2y=2014|2pp=104–105}} Within three months of Steve's arrival, Khaya was accused of having connections to [[Poqo]], the armed wing of the [[Pan Africanist Congress of Azania|Pan Africanist Congress]] (PAC), an [[African nationalism|African nationalist]] group which the government had banned. Both Khaya and Steve were arrested and interrogated by the police; the former was convicted, then acquitted on appeal.{{sfnm|1a1=Smit|1y=1995|1p=18|2a1=Wilson|2y=2012|2pp=23, 27|3a1=Mangcu|3y=2014|3p=106|4a1=Hill|4y=2015|4p=xxi}} No clear evidence of Steve's connection to Poqo was presented, but he was expelled from Lovedale.{{sfnm|1a1=Smit|1y=1995|1p=18|2a1=Wilson|2y=2012|2p=23|3a1=Mangcu|3y=2014|3p=107}} Commenting later on this situation, he stated: "I began to develop an attitude which was much more directed at authority than at anything else. I hated authority like hell."{{sfn|Wilson|2012|p=23}}

From 1964 to 1965, Biko studied at St. Francis College, a [[Catholic Church in South Africa|Catholic]] boarding school in [[Mariannhill]], [[Natal Province|Natal]].{{sfnm|1a1=Woods|1y=1978|1p=49|2a1=Smit|2y=1995|2p=18|3a1=Wilson|3y=2012|3pp=24, 27|4a1=Mangcu|4y=2014|4p=108}} The college had a [[liberalism|liberal]] political culture, and Biko developed his political consciousness there.{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|pp=109–110}} He became particularly interested in the replacement of South Africa's [[dominant minority|white minority]] [[South Africa#Republic|government]] with an administration that represented the country's black majority.{{sfn|Wilson|2012|p=25}} Among the [[anti-colonialism|anti-colonialist]] leaders who became Biko's heroes at this time were Algeria's [[Ahmed Ben Bella]] and Kenya's [[Jaramogi Oginga Odinga]].{{sfn|Wilson|2012|p=25}} He later said that most of the "politicos" in his family were sympathetic to the PAC, which had [[anti-communism|anti-communist]] and African racialist ideas. Biko admired what he described as the PAC's "terribly good organisation" and the courage of many of its members, but he remained unconvinced by its racially exclusionary approach, believing that members of all racial groups should unite against the government.{{sfn|Wilson|2012|p=27}} In December 1964, he travelled to [[Zwelitsha]] for the [[ulwaluko]] [[circumcision]] ceremony, symbolically marking his transition from boyhood to manhood.{{sfn|Mangcu|2014|pp=111–112}}