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Sterilization (medicine)
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===Surgical=== Surgical sterilization methods include: * [[Tubal ligation]] in females, known popularly as "having one's tubes tied". The [[fallopian tube]]s, which allow the sperm to fertilize the [[ovum]] and carry the fertilized ovum to the [[uterus]], are closed. This typically involves a general anesthetic and a [[laparotomy]] or [[laparoscopic]] approach to cut, clip, or [[cauterization|cauterize]] the fallopian tubes. * [[Salpingectomy|Bilateral salpingectomy]] in females, also known as tubal removal. Both fallopian tubes are surgically removed. When done for contraceptive purposes, the ovaries are left in place. This method is considered more effective than tubal ligation as there is no chance of tubal reconnection or clip failure. It also prevents cancer of the fallopian tubes and can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. * [[Vasoligation]] in males. The [[vas deferens|vasa deferentia]], the tubes that connect the [[testicle]]s to the [[prostate]], are cut and closed. This prevents [[spermatozoon|sperm]] produced in the testicles from entering the ejaculated [[semen]] (which is mostly produced in the [[seminal vesicle]]s and [[prostate]]). Although the term ''vasectomy'' is established in the general community, the correct [[medical terminology]] is vasoligation. * [[Hysterectomy]] in females. The [[uterus]] is surgically removed, permanently preventing [[pregnancy]] and some [[disease]]s, such as [[uterine cancer]]. * [[Castration]] in males. The testicles are surgically removed. This is frequently used for the sterilization of animals but rarely for humans. It was also formerly used on some human male children for other reasons; see [[castrato]] and [[eunuch]].
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