Editing Stephen V of Hungary (section)

==Junior king==
===Duke of Slavonia (1245–1257)===
[[File:AlzbetaKumanska kralovna.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Seal of Elizabeth the Cuman|Seal of Stephen's wife, [[Elizabeth the Cuman]]]]
A royal charter of 1246 mentions Stephen as "King, and [[Duke of Slavonia]]".{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=267}} Apparently, in the previous year, Béla had his son [[coronation of the Hungarian monarch|crowned]] as [[junior king]] and endowed with the lands between the river [[Dráva]] and the [[Adriatic Sea]], according to historians [[Gyula Kristó]] and [[Ferenc Makk]].{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=267}}{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=32}} The seven-year-old Stephen's provinces—[[Kingdom of Croatia (1102–1526)|Croatia]], [[Dalmatia]] and [[Slavonia]]—were administered by royal governors, known as [[ban (title)|bans]].{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=267}}{{sfn|Zsoldos|2007|p=13}}

In a letter addressed to [[Pope Innocent IV]] in the late 1240s, Béla IV wrote that "[o]n behalf of [[Christendom]] we had our son marry a [[Cumans|Cuman]] girl".{{sfn|Bárány|2012|p=353}} The bride was [[Elizabeth the Cuman|Elizabeth]], the daughter of a leader of the Cumans whom Béla had invited to settle in the plains along the river [[Tisza]].{{sfn|Berend|2001|p=261}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=105}} Elizabeth had been baptized, but ten Cuman chieftains present at the ceremony nevertheless took their customary oath upon a dog cut into two by a sword.{{sfn|Berend|2001|pp=98, 261}}

===Duke of Transylvania and Styria (1257–1260)===
When Stephen attained the [[age of majority]] in 1257, his father appointed him [[Duke of Transylvania]].{{sfn|Makk|1994|p=294}}{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=234}} Stephen's rule in Transylvania was short-lived, because his father transferred him to [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]] in 1258.{{sfn|Bartl|Čičaj|Kohútova|Letz|2002|p=32}}{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=234}} Styria had been annexed in 1254, but the local lords rose up in rebellion and expelled Béla IV's governor, [[Stephen I Gutkeled|Stephen Gutkeled]], before Stephen's appointment.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|pp=154, 156}} Stephen and his father jointly invaded Styria and subdued the rebels.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=156}} In addition to Styria, Stephen also received two neighboring counties—[[Vas County (former)|Vas]] and [[Zala County (former)|Zala]]—in Hungary from his father.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=156}}{{sfn|Zsoldos|2007|pp=16–17}} He launched a plundering raid in [[Duchy of Carinthia|Carinthia]] in the spring of 1259, in retaliation of Duke [[Ulrich III, Duke of Carinthia|Ulrich III of Carinthia]]'s support of the Styrian rebels.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=156}}{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=177}}

Stephen's rule remained unpopular in Styria. With support from King [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]], the local lords again rebelled.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=107}} Stephen could preserve only [[Pettau]] (present-day Ptuj, Slovenia) and its region.{{sfn|Kristó|2003|pp=177–178}} On 25 June 1260, Stephen crossed the river [[Morava (river)|Morava]] to invade Ottokar's realm.{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=178}} His military force, which consisted of [[Székelys|Székely]], [[Romanians|Romanian]] and Cuman troops, routed an Austrian army.{{sfn|Kristó|2003|p=178}}{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=235}} However, in the decisive [[Battle of Kressenbrunn]] King Béla's and Stephen's united army was vanquished on 12 July, primarily because the main forces, which were under King Béla's command, arrived late.{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=235}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=157}} Stephen, who commanded the [[advance guard]], barely escaped from the battlefield.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2007|p=17}} The [[Peace of Vienna (1261)|Peace of Vienna]], which was signed on 31 March 1261, put an end to the conflict between Hungary and Bohemia, forcing Béla IV to renounce of Styria in favor of Ottokar II.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=157}}

===Conflicts and civil war (1260–1270)===
[[File:Baba Vida Klearchos 4.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Vidin Castle |[[Baba Vida]], the medieval fortress at [[Vidin]] in [[Bulgaria]]: Stephen captured it in 1261]]
Stephen returned to Transylvania and started to rule it for the second time after 20 August 1260.{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=234}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=157}} He and his father jointly invaded [[Second Bulgarian Empire|Bulgaria]] and seized [[Vidin]] in 1261.{{sfn|Makk|1994|p=294}} His father returned to Hungary, but Stephen continued the campaign alone.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=174}} He laid siege to [[Lom, Bulgaria|Lom]] on the Danube and advanced as far as [[Tirnovo]] in pursuit of Tsar [[Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria]].{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=174}} However, the Tsar succeeded in avoiding any clashes with the invaders and Stephen withdrew his troops from Bulgaria by the end of the year.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=174}}

Stephen's relationship with Béla IV deteriorated in the early 1260s.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2007|p=11}} Stephen's charters reveal his fear of being disinherited and expelled by his father.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2007|p=11}} He also accused some unnamed barons of inciting the old monarch against him.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2007|p=11}} On the other hand, Stephen's charters prove that he made land grants in [[Bihar County|Bihar]], [[Szatmár County|Szatmár]], [[Ugocsa County|Ugocsa]], and other counties which were situated outside Transylvania.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2007|pp=21–23}}
[[File:V. István koronázása.jpg|thumb|left|220px|alt=Stephen V is crowned by his father |Stephen V is crowned by his father, [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla IV]] (from the ''[[Illuminated Chronicle]]'')]]
Archbishops [[Philip Türje|Philip of Esztergom]] and [[Smaragd of Kalocsa]] undertook to mediate after some clashes occurred between the two kings' partisans in the autumn.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=158}}{{sfn|Zsoldos|2007|pp=19–21}} According to the [[Peace of Pressburg (1262)|Peace of Pressburg]], which was concluded around 25 November, Béla IV and his son divided the country and Stephen received the lands to the east of the Danube.{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Zsoldos|2007|p=21}} When confirming the treaty on 5 December, Stephen also promised that he would not invade Slavonia which had been granted to his younger brother, [[Béla, Duke of Slavonia|Béla]], by their father.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=158}} On this occasion, Stephen styled himself "Junior King, Duke of Transylvania and Lord of the Cumans".{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=158}}{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=236}}

A Bulgarian nobleman, [[Despot (court title)|Despot]] [[Jacob Svetoslav]] sought assistance from Stephen after his domains, which were situated in the regions south of Vidin, were overrun by Byzantine troops in the second half of 1263.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=175–176}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=159}} Stephen sent reinforcements under the command of [[Ladislaus II Kán]], [[Voivode of Transylvania]] to Bulgaria.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=159}} The Voivode routed the Byzantines and drove them out of Bulgaria.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=177}} Stephen granted Vidin to Jacob Svetoslav who accepted his suzerainty.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=177}}

The reconciliation of Stephen and his father was only temporary.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=270}} Stephen confiscated the domains of his mother and sister, [[Anna of Hungary, Duchess of Macsó|Anna]]—including [[Beszterce]] (present-day Bistrița, Romania) and [[Füzér]]—which were located in the lands under his rule.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2007|p=21}} Béla IV's army crossed the Danube under Anna's command sometime after the autumn of 1264.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2007|p=21}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=160}} She besieged and took [[Sárospatak]] and seized Stephen's wife and children.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=160}} Voivode Ladislaus Kán turned against Stephen and led an army, which consisted of Cuman warriors, to Transylvania.{{sfn|Zsoldos|2007|p=48}} Stephen routed him at the fort of [[Déva]] (now Deva, Romania).{{sfn|Sălăgean|2005|p=236}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=160}} King Béla's [[Judge royal]], [[Lawrence, son of Kemény|Lawrence]] arrived at the head of a new army and forced Stephen to retreat to [[Feketehalom]] (now Codlea, Romania).{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=160}}{{sfn|Makkai|1994|p=203}} The Judge royal lay siege to the fortress, but Stephen's partisans relieved it.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=160}}{{sfn|Makkai|1994|p=203}} Stephen launched a counter-offensive and forced his father's army to retreat.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=270}}{{sfn|Engel|2001|pp=106–107}} He gained a decisive victory over his father's army in the [[Battle of Isaszeg (1265)|Battle of Isaszeg]] in March 1265.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=107}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=160}} The two archbishops mediated a new consolidation between father and son, which confirmed the 1262 division of the country.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|pp=160–161}} Béla and Stephen signed the peace treaty in the Convent of the Blessed Virgin on the Rabbits' Island (now [[Margaret Island]] in Budapest) on 23 March 1266.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=270}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=161}}

During the civil war in Hungary, Stephen's vassal, Despot Jacob Svetoslav submitted himself to Tsar Constantine Tikh of Bulgaria.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=178}} In the summer of 1266, Stephen invaded Bulgaria, seized Vidin, [[Pleven]] and other forts and routed the Bulgarians in five battles.{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=161}}{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=179}} Jacob Svetoslav again accepted Stephen's suzerainty and was reinstalled in Vidin.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=179}} From then on, Stephen used the title "King of Bulgaria" in his charters.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=107}}

Béla and Stephen together confirmed the liberties of the "[[royal servant]]s", from then on known as [[Nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary|noblemen]], in 1267.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=120}} A double marriage alliance between Stephen and King [[Charles I of Sicily]]—Stephen's son, Ladislaus married Charles's daughter, [[Elizabeth of Sicily, Queen of Hungary|Elisabeth]], and Charles's [[Charles II of Naples|namesake son]] married Stephen's daughter, [[Mary of Hungary, Queen of Naples|Mary]]—strengthened Stephen's international position in 1269.{{sfn|Engel|2001|p=120}}{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=271}} Confidence was never restored between Béla and Stephen.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=271}} On his deathbed, the old King requested King Ottokar II of Bohemia to give shelter to his daughter Anna and his partisans after his death.{{sfn|Kristó|Makk|1996|p=271}}{{sfn|Érszegi|Solymosi|1981|p=163}}