Editing Steampunk (section)

===Precursors===
[[File:Sortie de l'opéra en l'an 2000-2.jpg|thumb|right|240px|Print (c. 1902) by [[Albert Robida]] showing a futuristic view of air travel over Paris in the year 2000 as people leave the opera]]

Steampunk is influenced by and often adopts the style of the 19th-century [[scientific romance]]s of [[Jules Verne]], [[H. G. Wells]], [[Mary Shelley]], and [[Edward S. Ellis]]'s ''[[The Steam Man of the Prairies]]''.<ref name="HSW Steampunk">{{cite web|url=https://people.howstuffworks.com/steampunk.htm#pt4|title=Famous Steampunk Works|publisher=[[HowStuffWorks]]|date=Feb 15, 2008|last=Strickland|first=Jonathan|access-date=May 18, 2008|archive-date=August 8, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808081951/http://people.howstuffworks.com/steampunk.htm#pt4|url-status=live}}</ref> Several more modern works of art and fiction significant to the development of the genre were produced before the genre had a name. ''[[Titus Alone]]'' (1959), by [[Mervyn Peake]], is widely regarded by scholars as the first [[novel]] in the genre proper,<ref>{{cite news|author=Oliveira, Camilla|publisher=Wall Street International – Culture Section|title=Steampunk: The Movement and the Art|date=Nov 2, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3C-oSC5GbcoC&pg=PA753|last1=Peake|first1=Mervyn|year=2011|title=The Illustrated Gormenghast Trilogy|publisher=Vintage|location=London|isbn=978-0-09-952854-8|page=753|edition=New}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Daniel|first1=Lucy|title=Defining Moments In Books: The Greatest Books, Writers, Characters, Passages And Events That Shook The Literary World|year=2007|publisher=Cassell illustrated|location=New York|isbn=978-1-84403-605-9|page=439}}</ref> while others point to [[Michael Moorcock]]'s 1971 novel ''[[The Warlord of the Air]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spdhpod.com/spdhepisodes/2017/6/21/episode-1-islands-in-the-time-streams-1|title=Steampunk Dollhouse: Islands in the Time Streams or How a Privileged White Edwardian Man Had His Eyes Opened Rather Forcefully|date=21 June 2017|author=Bluestocking|access-date=24 June 2017|archive-date=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706051115/https://www.spdhpod.com/spdhepisodes/2017/6/21/episode-1-islands-in-the-time-streams-1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/feb/04/michael-moorcock-hari-kunzru/|title=When Hari Kunzru Met Michael Moorcock|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=4 February 2011|author=Kunzru, Hari|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906173653/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/feb/04/michael-moorcock-hari-kunzru|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Bebergal>{{cite news|url=https://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/08/26/the_age_of_steampunk/|title=The Age of Steampunk|newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=August 26, 2007|author=Bebergal, Peter|access-date=May 10, 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414184624/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2007/08/26/the_age_of_steampunk/|archive-date=April 14, 2008}}</ref> which was heavily influenced by Peake's work. The film ''[[Brazil (1985 film)|Brazil]]'' (1985) was an early cinematic influence, although it can also be considered a precursor to the steampunk offshoot [[dieselpunk]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://neverwasmag.com/Gazette%20-%206.pdf|title=Beneath an Amber Moon; Brazil|first=Ella|last=Kremper|magazine=Gatehouse Gazette|issue=6|date=November 2009|pages=12–13|access-date=Jul 28, 2020|archive-date=July 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728154039/https://neverwasmag.com/Gazette%20-%206.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Adventures of Luther Arkwright]]'' was an early (1970s) comic version of the [[Michael Moorcock|Moorcock]]-style mover between [[timestream]]s.<ref name="La Ferla">{{cite news|last=La Ferla|first=Ruth|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|title=Steampunk Moves Between 2 Worlds|date=May 8, 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/08/fashion/08PUNK.html|access-date=Nov 21, 2010|archive-date=May 11, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511203417/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/08/fashion/08PUNK.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Braiker>{{cite magazine|author=Braiker, Brian|magazine=[[Newsweek]]|title=Steampunking Technology: A subculture hand-tools today's gadgets with Victorian style|date=October 31, 2007|url=http://www.newsweek.com/2007/10/30/steampunking-technology.html|access-date=Nov 21, 2010|archive-date=November 14, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114095424/http://www.newsweek.com/2007/10/30/steampunking-technology.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In fine art, [[Remedios Varo]]'s paintings combine elements of Victorian dress, fantasy, and [[technofantasy]] imagery.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kaplan|first=Janet A.|title=Remedios Varo: Unexpected Journeys|date=2000|publisher=Abbeville Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7892-0627-5|edition=1st|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/remediosvarounex0000kapl}}</ref>{{Page needed|date=March 2017}} In [[television]], one of the earliest manifestations of the steampunk ethos in the mainstream media was the [[CBS]] television series ''[[The Wild Wild West]]'' (1965–69), which inspired the [[Wild Wild West|later film]].<ref name="HSW Steampunk"/><ref name=Grossman>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1945343,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091209022518/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1945343,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 9, 2009|title=Steampunk: Reclaiming Tech for the Masses|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=December 14, 2009|first=Lev|last=Grossman|author-link=Lev Grossman|access-date=Dec 10, 2009}}</ref>