Editing Standing (law) (section)

==Australia==
Australia has a [[common law]] understanding of ''locus standi'' or standing which is expressed in [[statute]]s such as the [[Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977]] and common law decisions of the [[High Court of Australia]] especially the case ''Australian Conservation Foundation v Commonwealth'' (1980).<ref name="ACF">{{cite AustLII|HCA|53|1980|litigants=Australian Conservation Foundation v Commonwealth |parallelcite=(1980) 146 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 493 |coutname=auto |date=13 February 1980}}.</ref> At common law, the test for standing is whether the plaintiff has a "special interest in the subject matter of the action".<ref name="ACF"/> Under the ''Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act'' 1977 to have standing the applicant must be "a person who is aggrieved",<ref name="ADJR s5">{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|adra1977396|Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977|5}}.</ref> defined as "a person whose interests are adversely affected" by the decision or conduct complained of.<ref name="ADJR s3">{{cite Legislation AU|Cth|act|adra1977396|Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977|3}}(4).</ref> This has generally been interpreted in accordance with the common law test.<ref>{{cite AustLII|FCA|1060|1995|litigants=Right To Life Association (NSW) Inc  v Secretary, Department of Human Services and Health and Family Planning Inc (Vic) |parallelcite=(1995) 128 [[Australian Law Reports|ALR]] 238 |courtname=auto}}.</ref>

There is no open standing,<ref name="STANDING IN PUBLIC INTEREST CASES">[http://www.qpilch.org.au/_dbase_upl/Standing.pdf   Standing in public interest cases], Queensland Public Interest Law Clearing House Incorporated</ref><ref name="ACF"/> unless statute allows it,<ref>{{cite AustLII|HCA|17|1975|litigants=Sinclair v Marybourough Mining Warden |parallelcite=(1975) 132 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 473 |date=28 May 1975 |courtname=auto}}.</ref> or represents needs of a specified class of people.<ref>Justice Brian J Preston,[http://www.lec.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/agdbasev7wr/_assets/lec/m420301l721754/preston_standing%20to%20sue%20at%20common%20law%20in%20australia.pdf   Standing to Sue at Common Law in Australia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302204639/http://www.lec.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/agdbasev7wr/_assets/lec/m420301l721754/preston_standing%20to%20sue%20at%20common%20law%20in%20australia.pdf |date=2014-03-02 }}.</ref><ref name="Onus v Alcoa">{{cite AustLII|HCA|50|1981|litigants=Onus v Alcoa of Australia Ltd |parallelcite=(1981) 149 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 27 |date=18 September 1981 |courtname=auto}}.</ref> The issue is one of remoteness.<ref name="R.L.L Kelly 2009">{{cite book|author=Kelly, M |title=Administrative Law Law Briefs |publisher=Pearson Education Australia |year=2009 |isbn=9780733994302}}.</ref><ref>see {{cite AustLII|FCA|1723|1999|litigants=Transurban v Allan |parallelcite=(1999) 95 [[Federal Court Reports|FCR]] 553 |date=10 December 1999 |courtname=[[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court]] (Australia)}}.</ref><ref name="Mac HCA">{{cite AustLII|HCA|11|2000|litigants=[[Truth About Motorways Pty Ltd v Macquarie Infrastructure Investment Management Ltd]] |parallelcite=(2000) 200 [[Commonwealth Law Reports|CLR]] 591 |courtname=auto |date=9 March 2000}}.</ref>

Standing may apply to class of aggrieved people,<ref name="Onus v Alcoa"/> where essentially the closeness of the [[plaintiff]] to the subject matter is the test.<ref>See also ''[[Ogle v Strickland]]'' (1986) 13 [[Federal Court Reports|FCR]] 306, [[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court]] (Australia).</ref> Furthermore, a plaintiff must show that he or she has been specially affected in comparison with the public at large.<ref name="Onus v Alcoa"/>

Also, while there is no open standing per se, [[prerogative writ]]s like [[certiorari]],<ref>re Smith; Ex parte Rundle (1991) 6 [[Western Australian Reports|WAR]] 295, [[Supreme Court of Western Australia|Supreme Court]] (WA, Australia).</ref> [[writ of prohibition]], [[quo warranto]]<ref name="Mac HCA"/> and [[habeas corpus]]<ref>{{cite AustLII|FCA|1329|2001|litigants=[[Ruddock v Vadarlis]] (Tampa case) |parallelcite=(2001) 110 [[Federal Court Reports|FCR]] 491 |date=18 September 2001 |courtname=[[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court]] (Australia)}}.</ref> have a low burden in establishing standing.<ref name="STANDING IN PUBLIC INTEREST CASES"/> <br /> Australian courts also recognise [[amicus curiae]] (friend of the court),<ref name="R.L.L Kelly 2009"/><ref>{{cite AustLII|FCA|213|1988|litigants=US tobacco v Minister for Consumer Affairs |parallelcite=(1988) 20 [[Federal Court Reports|FCR]] 520 |date=24 June 1988 |courtname=[[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court]] (Australia)}}.</ref> and the various [[Attorneys General]] have a presumed standing in [[administrative law]] cases.<ref name="R.L.L Kelly 2009"/>