Editing Spanglish (section)

==History and distribution==
In the late 1940s, the Puerto Rican journalist, poet, and essayist [[Salvador Tió]] coined the terms ''Espanglish'' for Spanish spoken with some English terms, and the less commonly used ''Inglañol'' for English spoken with some Spanish terms.

After Puerto Rico became a United States territory in 1898, Spanglish became progressively more common there as the United States Army and the early colonial administration tried to impose the English language on island residents. As well as the adjustment of language upon the move of Newyorricans (New York Puerto Ricans) back to the island.<ref name=":2" /> Between 1902 and 1948, the main language of instruction in public schools (used for all subjects except for Spanish class) was English. Currently, Puerto Rico is nearly unique in having both English and Spanish as its official languages<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Nash |first=Rose |year=1970 |title=Spanglish: Language Contact in Puerto Rico |journal=American Speech |volume=45 |issue=3/4 |pages=223–233 |doi=10.2307/454837 |jstor=454837}}</ref> (see also [[New Mexico#Official language|New Mexico]]). 

Consequently, many American English words are now found in the Puerto Rican Spanish vocabulary. ''Spanglish'' may also be known by different regional names. Spanglish does not have one unified dialect—specifically, the varieties of Spanglish spoken in New York, Florida, Texas, and California differ. Monolingual speakers of standard Spanish may have difficulty in understanding it.{{sfn|Ardila|2005|p=61}}
It is common in Panama, where the 96-year (1903–1999) U.S. control of the [[Panama Canal]] influenced much of local society, especially among the former residents of the [[Panama Canal Zone]], the [[Zonian]]s.

Many Puerto Ricans living on the island of [[St. Croix]] speak in informal situations a unique Spanglish-like combination of [[Puerto Rican Spanish]] and the local [[Virgin Islands Creole|Crucian dialect of Virgin Islands Creole English]], which is very different from the Spanglish spoken elsewhere. A similar situation exists in the large Puerto Rican-descended populations of New York City and Boston.

Spanglish is spoken commonly in the modern United States.{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} According to the [[Pew Research Center]], the population of Hispanics grew from 35.3 million to 62.1 million between 2000 and 2020.{{sfn|Funk|Lopez|2022|loc="U.S. Hispanic population reached more than 62 million in 2020" graph}} Hispanics have become the largest minority ethnic group in the US. More than 60% are of Mexican descent. Mexican Americans form one of the fastest-growing groups,{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} increasing from 20.9&nbsp;million to 37.2&nbsp;million between 2000 and 2021.{{sfn|Moslimani|Noe-Bustamante|Shah|2023|loc="Mexican-origin population in the U.S., 2000–2021" graph}} Around 58% of this community chose California, especially Southern California, as their new home. Spanglish is widely used throughout the heavily Mexican-American and other Hispanic communities of Southern California.{{sfn|Rothman|Rell|2005|p=1}}
The use of Spanglish has become important to Hispanic communities throughout the United States in areas such as Miami, New York City, Texas, and California. In Miami, the [[Afro-Cuban]] community makes use of a Spanglish familiarly known as "[[Cubonics]]," a portmanteau of the words ''Cuban'' and ''Ebonics'', a slang term for [[African American Vernacular English]] that is itself a portmanteau of ''Ebony'' and ''phonics''."{{sfn|Rothman|Rell|2005|p=1}}

Many Mexican-Americans (''Chicanos''), immigrants and bilinguals express themselves in various forms of Spanglish. For many, Spanglish serves as a basis for self-identity, but others believe that it should not exist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Towards New Dialects: Spanglish in the United States |url=http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/6362Olague2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329123547/http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/6362Olague2.htm |archive-date=March 29, 2016 |access-date=March 6, 2016 |website=homes.chass.utoronto.ca}}</ref>
Spanglish is difficult, because if the speaker learned the two languages in separate contexts, they use the ''conditioned system'', in which the referential meanings in the two languages differ considerably. Those who were literate in their first language before learning the other, and who have support to maintain that literacy, are sometimes those least able to master their second language. Spanglish is part of ''receptive bilingualism.'' Receptive bilinguals are those who understand a second language but don't speak it. That is when they use Spanglish. Receptive bilinguals are also known as ''productively bilingual'', since, to give an answer, the speaker exerts much more mental effort to answer in English, Spanish, or Spanglish.{{sfn|Rosen|2016}}{{fv|date=June 2021}} Without first understanding the culture and history of the region where Spanglish evolved as a practical matter an in depth familiarizing with multiple cultures. This knowledge, indeed the mere fact of one's having that knowledge, often forms an important part of both what one considers one's personal identity and what others consider one's identity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Halwachs |first=Dieter |title="Poly-system repertoire and identity". |publisher=Grazer Linguistische |year=1993 |pages=39–43 71–90}}</ref>

Other places where similar mixed codes are spoken are Gibraltar (''[[Llanito]]''), [[Belize]] (''Kitchen Spanish''), [[Aruba]], [[Bonaire]], and [[Curaçao]] (along with [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and [[Papiamento]]). {{Citation needed |date=August 2018}}

In [[Australasia]], forms of Spanglish are used among Spanish-speaking migrants and [[diaspora|diasporic communities]]. In particular, [[Hispanic and Latin American Australians|Hispanophone Australians]] frequently use [[loanwords]]/phrases from [[Australian English]],{{Citation needed |date=August 2024}} in conversations that are otherwise in Spanish; examples include "''el'' [[rubbish&nbsp;bin]]", "''la'' vacuum&nbsp;cleaner", "''el'' [[cellular phone|mobile]]", "''el'' toilet", "''vivo en un'' [[apartment|flat]] ''pequeño''", "''voy a correr con mis'' [[running shoes|runners]]", and "''la librería de la'' city ''es grande''". Similar phenomena occur amongst native [[Spanish language in New Zealand|Spanish speakers in New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Taonga |first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title=Latin Americans – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/latin-americans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410080853/https://teara.govt.nz/en/latin-americans |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |access-date=April 10, 2019 |website=teara.govt.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Taonga |first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu |title=1. – Latin Americans – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/latin-americans/page-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410080849/https://teara.govt.nz/en/latin-americans/page-1 |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |access-date=April 10, 2019 |website=teara.govt.nz}}</ref>