Editing Space settlement (section)

==History==
{{Further|Space station#History}}
[[File:The Brick Moon from NASA archive.jpg |thumb |upright |"[[The Brick Moon]]" – an 1869 serial by [[Edward Everett Hale]] – was the first fictional space station or habitat. (Described by other sources as a station or habitat.)]]
The idea of space settlements either in fact or fiction goes back to the second half of the 19th century. "[[The Brick Moon]]", a fictional story written in 1869 by Edward Everett Hale, is perhaps the first treatment of this idea in writing.<ref name="b368">{{cite journal | last=Ceylan | first=Salih | title=Architectural evolution of space settlements in cinema and television | journal=Journal of Design for Resilience in Architecture and Planning | volume=3 | issue=(Special Issue) | date=December 30, 2022 | issn=2757-6329 | doi=10.47818/DRArch.2022.v3si072 | pages=66–78| doi-access=free }}</ref>

In 1903, space pioneer [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] speculated about rotating cylindrical space settlements in ''Beyond Planet Earth''.<ref>K. Tsiolkovsky. ''Beyond Planet Earth.'' Trans. by Kenneth Syers. Oxford, 1960.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://up-ship.com/blog/?p=6635 | title= Tsiolkovsky's Greenhouse | date= 21 July 2010 | website= up-ship.com}}</ref> In 1929 [[John Desmond Bernal]] speculated about giant space settlements. [[Dandridge M. Cole]] in the late 1950s and 1960s speculated about hollowing out asteroids and then rotating the to use as settlements in various magazine articles and books, notably ''Islands In Space: The Challenge Of The Planetoids''.<ref name="Cole">{{cite web| url=http://discoveryenterprise.wordpress.com/2007/08/08/islands-in-space-the-challenge-of-the-planetoids-the-pioneering-work-of-dandridge-m-cole/| title=Islands in Space: The Challenge of the Planetoids, the Pioneering Work of Dandridge M. Cole | author= Bonnici, Alex Michael | website= Discovery Enterprise | date= 8 August 2007 | access-date= 26 November 2014}}</ref>

=== O'Neill – The High Frontier ===
{{Main|O'Neill Cylinder}}
[[Image:Spacecolony1.jpg|thumb|right|A pair of [[O'Neill cylinder]]s]]
Around 1970, near the end of [[Project Apollo]] (1961–1972), [[Gerard K. O'Neill]], an experimental physicist at [[Princeton University]], was looking for a topic to tempt his physics students, most of them [[freshmen]] in engineering. He hit upon the idea of assigning them feasibility calculations for large space-settlements. To his surprise, the habitats seemed feasible even in very large sizes: cylinders {{convert|8|km|abbr=on|0}} in diameter and {{convert|32|km|abbr=on|0}} long, even if made from ordinary materials such as steel and glass. Also, the students solved problems such as radiation protection from cosmic rays (almost free in the larger sizes), getting naturalistic Sun angles, provision of power, realistic pest-free farming and orbital attitude control without reaction motors. O'Neill published an article about these colony concepts in ''[[Physics Today]]'' in 1974.<ref name=cos /> He expanded the article in his 1976 book ''[[The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space]]''.

====NASA Ames/Stanford 1975 Summer Study====
[[File:Stanford Torus exterior.jpg|right|thumb|Stanford torus exterior]]
[[Image:Stanford torus-Space Settlements-A Design Study-1977.png|thumb|Collage of figures and tables of [[Stanford torus|Stanford Torus]] space habitat, from «Space Settlements: A Design Study» book. Charles Holbrow and Richard D. Johnson, NASA, 1977.]]

The result motivated [[NASA]] to sponsor a couple of summer workshops led by O'Neill.<ref>
{{cite report | url= http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/SpaceSettlement/75SummerStudy/Table_of_Contents1.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20021119022659/http://www.nas.nasa.gov/About/Education/SpaceSettlement/75SummerStudy/Table_of_Contents1.html | url-status= dead | archive-date= 2002-11-19 | title= Space Settlements: A Design Study | year= 1975 | publisher= NASA}}</ref><ref>{{cite report | url= http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/spaceres/toc.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100528152209/http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/spaceres/toc.html | url-status= dead | archive-date= 2010-05-28 | title= Ames Summer Study on Space Settlements and Industrialization Using Nonterrestial Materials | year= 1977 | publisher= NASA}}</ref> Several concepts were studied, with sizes ranging from 1,000 to 10,000,000 people,<ref name="Pournelle, Jerrold E. 1977">{{cite book |last= Pournelle|first=Dr. Jerrold E. | title= A Step Farther Out | year= 1980 | isbn= 978-0491029414|url=https://www.goodreads.com/en/book/show/2362018|publisher=Ace Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= O'Neill|first=Dr. Gerard K.| title= The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space |publisher= New York: William Morrow & Company | year= 1977| title-link= The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space }}</ref><ref>{{cite report|author1=O'Neill, Gerard K.|author2=Reynolds, Ginie|title=Habitats in Space |jstor=24128636 }}</ref> including versions of the [[Stanford torus]]. Three concepts were presented to NASA: the [[Bernal sphere|Bernal Sphere]], the Toroidal Colony and the Cylindrical Colony.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://edition.cnn.com/style/article/nasa-ames-oneill-space-colonies-1975/index.html |title=Space oddity: NASA's retro guide to future living |date=29 May 2016 |first=Thomas |last=Page |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

[[Image:External view of a Bernal sphere.jpg|thumb|Exterior of a 1970s Stanford adaptation of the Bernal sphere]]

O'Neill's concepts had an example of a payback scheme: construction of [[solar power satellite]]s from lunar materials. O'Neill did not emphasize the building of solar power satellites as such, but rather offered proof that orbital manufacturing from lunar materials could generate profits. He and other participants presumed that once such manufacturing facilities had started production, many profitable uses for them would be found, and the colony would become self-supporting and begin to build other colonies as well.

The concept studies generated a notable groundswell of public interest. One effect of this expansion was the founding of the [[L5 Society|L5&nbsp;Society]] in the&nbsp;U.S., a group of enthusiasts that desired to build and live in such colonies. The group was named after the space-colony orbit which was then believed to be the most profitable, a kidney-shaped orbit around either of Earth's lunar [[Lagrange point]]s 5 or&nbsp;4.

====Space Studies Institute====
In 1977 O'Neill founded the [[Space Studies Institute]], which initially funded and constructed some prototypes of the new hardware needed for a [[space colonization]] effort, as well as producing a number of feasibility studies. One of the early projects, for instance, involved a series of functional prototypes of a [[mass driver]], the essential technology for moving [[ore]]s efficiently from the Moon to space colony orbits.