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South Sandwich Islands
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==Geography== The northernmost of the South Sandwich Islands form the [[Traversay Islands]] and [[Candlemas Islands]] groups, while the southernmost make up [[Southern Thule]]. The three largest islands{{spaced ndash}}[[Saunders Island, South Sandwich Islands|Saunders]], [[Montagu Island|Montagu]], and [[Bristol Island|Bristol]]{{spaced ndash}}lie between the two. The islands’ highest point is [[Mount Belinda]] ({{convert|1370|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Montagu Island. The fourth highest peak, [[Mount Michael]] ({{convert|990|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=or}}) on Saunders Island has a persistent [[lava lake]], known to occur at only eight volcanoes in the world.<ref name=Nytimes2019-07-12> {{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/12/science/lava-lake-volcano-antarctica.html | title = A Burning Lava Lake Concealed by a Volcano's Glacial Ice | work = [[The New York Times]] | author = Robin George Andrews | date = 2019-07-12 | access-date = 2019-07-17 | quote = The area is often cloudy, and a seemingly constant volcanic plume conceals the lake most of the time. Fortunately, the team collected enough shots of the lake from 2003 to 2018 that clearly showed a crater floor containing a superheated lake 295 to 705 feet across. The lava is also 1,812 to {{convert|2334|°F|°C}}, with the higher end of that range about as hot as lava on Earth seems to get. }} </ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Remote Mount Michael volcano hosts persistent lava lake |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-48852670 |website=BBC News |date=3 July 2019 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=3 July 2019}}</ref> The South Sandwich Islands are uninhabited, although an illegal permanently staffed Argentine research station was located on Thule Island from 1976 to 1982 (for details, see {{format link|#History}} above). Automatic [[weather station]]s are on Thule Island and [[Zavodovski Island|Zavodovski]]. To the northwest of Zavodovski Island is the [[Protector Shoal]], a submarine volcano. {{GeoGroup}} The South Sandwich Islands from north to south are: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Island<br />{{small|(''Spanish name'')}} !Area !Highest peak !Location |- | colspan="5" bgcolor="#E5E5E5" |'''[[Traversay Islands]]'''<br />{{small|(''Archipiélago Marqués de Traverse'')}} |- |[[Protector Shoal]] | align="center" | – ||{{convert|-27|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{coord|55|54|S|28|06|W|name=Protector Shoal}} |- |[[Zavodovski Island|Zavodovski]] |{{convert|25|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}||[[Mount Asphyxia]]<br />{{convert|550|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{coord|56|18|S|27|34|W|name=Zavodovski}} |- |[[Leskov Island|Leskov]] |{{convert|0.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}|| Rudder Point<br />{{convert|190|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{coord|56|40|S|28|08|W|name=Leskov}} |- |[[Visokoi Island|Visokoi]] |{{convert|35|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}|| [[Mount Hodson]]<br />{{convert|915|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{coord|56|42|S|27|13|W|name=Visokoi}} |- | colspan="5" bgcolor="#E5E5E5" |'''[[Candlemas Islands]]''' ''{{small|(sometimes included with Traversay Islands)}}''<br />{{small|(''Islas Candelaria'')}} |- |[[Candlemas Island|Candlemas]]<br />{{small|(''Candelaria'')}} |{{convert|14|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}||[[Mount Andromeda (South Sandwich Islands)|Mount Andromeda]]<br />{{convert|550|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{coord|57|05|S|26|39|W|name=Candlemas}} |- | [[Vindication Island|Vindication]]<br />{{small|(''Vindicación'')}} |{{convert|5|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}||[[Quadrant Peak]]<br />{{convert|430|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{coord|57|06|S|26|47|W|name=Vindication}} |- | colspan="5" bgcolor="#E5E5E5" |'''Central islands''' |- | [[Saunders Island, South Sandwich Islands|Saunders]] |{{convert|40|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}||[[Mount Michael]]<br />{{convert|990|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{coord|57|48|S|26|28|W|name=Saunders}} |- | [[Montagu Island|Montagu]]<br />{{small|(''Jorge'')}} |{{convert|110|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}||[[Mount Belinda]]<br />{{convert|1370|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{coord|58|25|S|26|23|W|name=Montagu}} |- |[[Bristol Island|Bristol]]<br />{{small|(''Blanco'') or<br>(''Blanca'')}} |{{convert|46|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}|| Mount Darnley<br />{{convert|1100|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{coord|59|03|S|26|30|W|name=Bristol}} |- | colspan="5" bgcolor="#E5E5E5" |'''[[Southern Thule]]'''<br />{{small|(''Tule del Sur'')}} |- |[[Bellingshausen Island|Bellingshausen]] |{{convert|1|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}|| Basilisk Peak<br />{{convert|255|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{coord|59|25|S|27|05|W|name=Bellingshausen}} |- | [[Cook Island, South Sandwich Islands|Cook]] |{{convert|20|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}|| Mount Harmer<br />{{convert|1115|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{coord|59|26|S|27|09|W|name=Cook}} |- |[[Thule Island|Thule (or Morrell) Island]] |{{convert|14|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}|| Mount Larsen<br />{{convert|710|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{coord|59|27|S|27|18|W|name=Thule}} |- |Vysokaya Bank | align="center" | – ||{{convert|-89|m|ft|abbr=on}}||{{coord|59|43|S|27|58|W|name=Vysokaya Bank}} |- | '''Total''' | align="right" |{{convert|310|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}||[[Mount Belinda]]<br />{{convert|1370|m|ft|abbr=on}}|| |} A series of six passages separates each of the islands or island groups in the chain. They are, from north to south: Zavodovski Isl., ''Traverse passage'', Visokoi Isl., ''Brown's passage'', Candlemas Isl., ''Shackleton's passage'', Saunders Isl., ''Larsen's passage'', Montagu Isl., Biscoe's passage, Bristol Isl., [[Forsters Passage]], Southern Thule. Nelson Channel is the passage between Candlemas and Vindication islands.
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