Editing Soul music (section)

=== Origins ===
[[File:Ray_Charles_classic_piano_pose.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Ray Charles]] pioneered the soul music genre during the 1950s by combining blues, rhythm and blues, and gospel styles.]]
Soul music has its roots in [[traditional black gospel music|traditional African-American gospel music]] and [[rhythm and blues]] and as the hybridization of their respective religious and secular styles – in both lyrical content and instrumentation – that began in the 1950s. The term "soul" had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States.<ref>Szatmary, David P. (2014). Rockin' in Time. New Jersey: Pearson. p. 177.</ref>  According to musicologist [[Barry Hansen]],<ref name="hansen">Barry Hansen, ''Rhythm and Gospel'', in Jim Miller (ed.), ''The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll'', 1976, pp. 15–18.</ref><blockquote>Though this hybrid produced a clutch of hits in the R&B market in the early 1950s, only the most adventurous white fans felt its impact at the time; the rest had to wait for the coming of soul music in the 1960s to feel the rush of [[rock and roll]] sung gospel-style.</blockquote>
[[File:JamesBrown.jpg|thumb|upright|[[James Brown]] was known as the "Godfather of Soul".<ref name="Maycock">{{Cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/episodes/james-brown/soul-survivor/532/ |title=James Brown: Soul Survivor |last=Maycock |first=James |date=October 29, 2003 |publisher=PBS |access-date=April 1, 2014}}</ref>]]
According to AllMusic, "Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the '60s."<ref name="allmusic">[http://www.allmusic.com/subgenre/soul-ma0000002865 ''About Soul'', AllMusic]. Retrieved July 11, 2013</ref> The phrase "soul music" itself, referring to gospel-style music with secular lyrics, was first attested in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=soul |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |website=Etymonline.com}}</ref> The term "soul" in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride and culture. [[Gospel music|Gospel]] groups in the 1940s and '50s occasionally used the term as part of their names. The [[jazz]] style that originated from gospel became known as [[soul jazz]]. As singers and arrangers began using techniques from both gospel and soul jazz in African-American popular music during the 1960s, soul music gradually functioned as an umbrella term for African-American popular music at the time.<ref name="grove">{{Cite book |title=The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians |year=2001 |volume=23 |location=London |chapter=Soul music}}</ref><ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/little-richard-p4765 Richie Unterberger, "Little Richard – Artist Biography"], AllMusic</ref>

[[File:Sam_Cooke_1961.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Sam Cooke]] is regarded as one of soul music's "forefathers".]]

According to the Acoustic Music Organization, the "first clear evidence of soul music shows up with [[the "5" Royales]], an ex-gospel group that turned to R&B and in [[Faye Adams]], whose "Shake A Hand" becomes an R&B standard".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://acousticmusic.org/research/history/timeline-of-musical-styles-guitar-history/|title=Timeline of Musical Styles & Guitar History|website=Acousticmusic.org|accessdate=February 25, 2021}}</ref>

Important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included [[Clyde McPhatter]], [[Hank Ballard]], and [[Etta James]].<ref name=hansen/> [[Ray Charles]] is often cited as popularizing the soul music genre with his series of hits, starting with 1954's "[[I Got a Woman]]".<ref name="pc15">{{Pop Chronicles |15 || Ray Charles}}</ref> Singer [[Bobby Womack]] said, "Ray was the genius. He turned the world onto soul music."<ref name="bbc">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/static/p/episodes.pdf BBC Music, Episode guides to ''Soul Deep – The Story Of Black Popular Music'', 2007]. Retrieved July 12, 2013.</ref> Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of [[Pilgrim Travelers]] vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style.

[[Little Richard]], who inspired [[Otis Redding]],<ref name="white">White, Charles. (2003), p. 229. ''The Life and Times of Little Richard: The Authorised Biography.'' Omnibus Press.</ref> and [[James Brown]] both were equally influential. Brown was nicknamed the "Godfather of Soul Music",<ref name="Maycock" /> and Richard proclaimed himself as the "King of Rockin' and Rollin', Rhythm and Blues Soulin{{'"}}, because his music embodied elements of all three, and since he inspired artists in all three genres.<ref>Frederick Douglass Opie, ''Hog and Hominy: Soul Food from Africa to America'' (Columbia University Press, 2008), chapter 7.</ref>

[[Sam Cooke]] and [[Jackie Wilson]] also are often acknowledged as soul forefathers.<ref name="bbc" /><ref name="pc17">{{Gilliland |show=17 |https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19767/m1/ |Show 17 – The Soul Reformation: More on the evolution of rhythm and blues. [Part 3]}}</ref> Cooke became popular as the lead singer of the gospel group [[the Soul Stirrers]], before controversially moving into secular music. His recording of "[[You Send Me]]" in 1957 launched a successful [[pop music]] career. Furthermore, his 1962 recording of "[[Bring It On Home To Me]]" has been described as "perhaps the first record to define the soul experience".<ref>Joe McEwen, ''Sam Cooke'', in Jim Miller (ed.), ''The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll'', 1976, pp. 113–116.</ref> Jackie Wilson, a contemporary of both Cooke and James Brown, also achieved [[crossover (music)|crossover]] success, especially with his 1957 hit "[[Reet Petite]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-09 |title=James Brown {{!}} Biography, Songs, Movies, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/James-Brown-American-singer |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> He even was particularly influential for his dramatic delivery and performances.<ref>Joe McEwen, ''Jackie Wilson'', in Jim Miller (ed.), ''The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll'', 1976, pp. 117–119.</ref>