Editing Soft drink (section)

==History==
The origins of soft drinks lie in the development of fruit-flavored drinks. In the [[Islamic Golden Age|medieval Middle East]], a variety of fruit-flavored soft drinks were widely drunk, such as [[Sharbat (beverage)|sharbat]], and were often sweetened with ingredients such as [[sugar]], [[syrup]] and [[honey]]. Other common ingredients included [[lemon]], [[apple]], [[pomegranate]], [[tamarind]], [[jujube]], [[sumac]], [[musk]], [[Mentha|mint]] and [[ice]]. Middle Eastern drinks later became [[Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe|popular in medieval Europe]], where the word "syrup" was derived from [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Meri|first=Josef W.|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|date=2005|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=1-135-45596-1|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c1ZsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106|language=en|access-date=March 1, 2018|archive-date=November 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113124948/https://books.google.com/books?id=c1ZsBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Tudor England]], 'water imperial' was widely drunk; it was a sweetened drink with lemon flavor and containing [[cream of tartar]]. 'Manays Cryste' was a sweetened cordial flavored with rosewater, violets or cinnamon.<ref name="Emmins">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishsoftdrinks.com/write/MediaUploads/Publications/Soft_Drinks_-_Their_Origins_and_History.pdf|title=SOFT DRINKS Their origins and history|author=Colin Emmins|access-date=July 6, 2015|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104125/http://www.britishsoftdrinks.com/write/MediaUploads/Publications/Soft_Drinks_-_Their_Origins_and_History.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Another early type of soft drink was [[lemonade]], made of water and lemon juice sweetened with honey, but without carbonated water. The ''Compagnie des Limonadiers'' of Paris was granted a monopoly for the sale of lemonade soft drinks in 1676. Vendors carried tanks of lemonade on their backs and dispensed cups of the soft drink to Parisians.<ref name="britannica"/>

===<span class="anchor" id="Carbonation_anchor">Carbonated drinks</span>===
[[Image:Soda bubbles macro.jpg|right|thumb|Bubbles of [[carbon dioxide]] float to the surface of a [[Carbonated water|carbonated]] soft drink.]]
[[File:Carbonated soft drink - japan - 2022 oct 20.webm|thumb|Carbonation moving through a drink, disturbing the ice in a glass]]

'''Carbonated drinks''' or '''fizzy drinks''' are beverages that consist mainly of [[carbonated water]]. The [[dissolution (chemistry)|dissolution]] of [[carbon dioxide]] ({{CO2}}) in a [[liquid]], gives rise to ''[[effervescence]]'' or ''fizz''. Carbon dioxide is only weakly soluble in water; therefore, it separates into a [[gas]] when the pressure is released. The process usually involves injecting carbon dioxide under high pressure. When the pressure is removed, the carbon dioxide is released from the solution as small bubbles, which causes the solution to become effervescent, or fizzy.

Carbonated beverages are prepared by mixing flavored syrup with carbonated water. Carbonation levels range up to 5&nbsp;volumes of {{CO2}} per liquid volume. [[Ginger ale]], [[cola]]s, and related drinks are carbonated with 3.5&nbsp;volumes. Other drinks, often fruity ones, are carbonated less.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Crandall, Philip |author2=Chen, Chin Shu |author3=Nagy, Steven |author4=Perras, Georges |author5=Buchel, Johannes A. |author6=Riha, William |year=2000 |chapter=Beverages, nonalcoholic |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |doi=10.1002/14356007.a04_035|isbn=3-527-30673-0}}</ref>

[[File: Priestley Joseph pneumatic trough.jpg|thumb|left|Equipment used by [[Joseph Priestley]] in his experiments on gases and the carbonation of water|alt=Engraving of assorted scientific equipment, such as a pneumatic trough. A dead mouse rests under one glass canister.]]

In the late 18th century, scientists made important progress in replicating naturally carbonated [[mineral water]]s. In 1767, Englishman [[Joseph Priestley]] first discovered a method of infusing water with carbon dioxide to make carbonated water<ref>{{cite web |author=Bellis, Mary |date=March 6, 2009 |title=The discovery of oxygen and Joseph Priestley |website=Thoughtco.com |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/joseph-priestley-profile-1992342 |access-date=June 8, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328055514/https://www.thoughtco.com/joseph-priestley-profile-1992342 |archive-date=March 28, 2020}}</ref> when he suspended a bowl of distilled water above a beer vat at a local brewery in [[Leeds]], England. His invention of carbonated water (later known as ''soda water'', for the use of [[soda powder]]s in its commercial manufacture) is the major and defining component of most soft drinks.<ref name="truetex.com">{{cite web |title=Priestley&nbsp;1772: Impregnating water with fixed air |website=truetex.com |url=http://www.truetex.com/priestley-1772-impregnating_water_with_fixed_air.pdf |access-date=May 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421011559/http://www.truetex.com/priestley-1772-impregnating_water_with_fixed_air.pdf |archive-date=April 21, 2017}}</ref>

Priestley found that water treated in this manner had a pleasant taste, and he offered it to his friends as a refreshing drink. In 1772, Priestley published a paper entitled ''Impregnating Water with Fixed Air'' in which he describes dripping ''oil of vitriol'' (or [[Sulphuric acid|sulfuric acid]] as it is now called) onto [[chalk]] to produce carbon dioxide gas and encouraging the gas to dissolve into an agitated bowl of water.<ref name="truetex.com"/>

{{Quote box|width=29%|align=right|quote="Within a decade, inventors in Britain and in Europe had taken Priestley's basic idea—get some "fixed air," mix it with water, shake—and created contraptions that could make carbonated water more quickly, in greater quantities.
One of those inventors was named Johann Jacob Schweppe, who sold bottled soda water and whose business is still around today." |source="The great soda-water shake up" (October 2014) ''[[The Atlantic]]''.<ref name=Atlantic>{{cite magazine |title=The great soda-water shake up |date=October 2014 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/the-great-soda-water-shake-up/380932/ |access-date=October 13, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624050704/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/10/the-great-soda-water-shake-up/380932/ |archive-date=June 24, 2022}}</ref>}}
Another Englishman, [[John Mervin Nooth]], improved Priestley's design and sold his apparatus for commercial use in pharmacies. Swedish chemist [[Torbern Bergman]] invented a generating apparatus that made carbonated water from chalk by the use of sulfuric acid. Bergman's apparatus allowed imitation mineral water to be produced in large amounts. Swedish chemist [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]] started to add flavors (spices, juices, and wine) to carbonated water in the late eighteenth century. [[Thomas Henry (apothecary)|Thomas Henry]], an [[apothecary]] from Manchester, was the first to sell artificial mineral water to the general public for medicinal purposes, beginning in the 1770s. His recipe for 'Bewley's Mephitic Julep' consisted of 3 [[dram (unit)|drachm]]s of fossil alkali to a [[quart]] of water, and the manufacture had to 'throw in streams of fixed air until all the alkaline taste is destroyed'.<ref name=Emmins/>

[[Johann Jacob Schweppe]] developed a process to manufacture bottled carbonated mineral water.<ref name=Atlantic/> He founded the [[Schweppes]] Company in [[Geneva]] in 1783 to sell carbonated water,<ref>{{cite book | author=Morgenthaler, Jeffrey | year=2014 | title=Bar Book: Elements of cocktail technique | publisher=Chronicle Books | page=54 | isbn=978-1-4521-3027-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZkWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 | access-date=November 21, 2020 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513170211/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZkWAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA54 | archive-date=May 13, 2022}}</ref> and relocated his business to London in 1792. His drink soon gained in popularity; among his newfound patrons was [[Erasmus Darwin]]. In 1843, the Schweppes company commercialized [[Malvern Water]] at the Holywell Spring in the Malvern Hills, and received a [[Royal warrant of appointment (United Kingdom)|royal warrant]] from King William IV.<ref>{{cite web |title=Heritage: Meet Jacob Schweppe |url=http://schweppes.eu/heritage/#schweppes-received-the-royal-warrant-of-appointment-by-his-majesty-the-king-from-king-william-iv |access-date=July 6, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012152023/http://schweppes.eu/heritage/#schweppes-received-the-royal-warrant-of-appointment-by-his-majesty-the-king-from-king-william-iv |archive-date=October 12, 2018}}</ref>

It was not long before flavoring was combined with carbonated water. The earliest reference to carbonated [[ginger beer]] is in a ''Practical Treatise on Brewing''. published in 1809. The drinking of either natural or artificial mineral water was considered at the time to be a healthy practice, and was promoted by advocates of [[temperance movement|temperance]]. Pharmacists selling mineral waters began to add herbs and chemicals to unflavored mineral water. They used birch bark (see [[birch beer]]), [[dandelion]], [[Smilax regelii|sarsaparilla root]], fruit extracts, and other substances.

===Phosphate soda===
A variant of soda in the United States called "[[phosphate soda]]" appeared in the late 1870s.  It became one of the most popular soda fountain drinks from 1900 until the 1930s, with the lemon or orange phosphate being the most basic.  The drink consists of {{convert|1|USfloz|ml|abbr=on}} fruit syrup, 1/2 teaspoon of [[phosphoric acid]], and enough carbonated water and ice to fill a glass.  This drink was commonly served in pharmacies.<ref name="Phosphatesin">Phosphates, in Smith, Andrew. The Oxford companion to American food and drink. Oxford University Press US, 2007, ISBN 0-19-530796-8, p.451</ref>

===Mass market and industrialization===
[[File:(1883) SCHWEPPES MINERAL-WATERS.jpg|thumb|An 1883 advertisement for [[Schweppes]] Mineral-Waters]]

Soft drinks soon outgrew their origins in the medical world and became a widely consumed product, available cheaply for the masses. By the 1840s, there were more than fifty soft drink manufacturers in London, an increase from just ten in the 1820s.<ref name="History"/> Carbonated [[lemonade]] was widely available in British refreshment stalls in 1833,<ref name="History">{{Cite book|title = SOFT DRINKS – Their origins and history|page = 8 and 11|last = Emmins|first = Colin|publisher = Shire Publications Ltd|year = 1991|isbn = 0-7478-0125-8|location = Great Britain|url = http://www.britishsoftdrinks.com/write/MediaUploads/Publications/Soft_Drinks_-_Their_Origins_and_History.pdf|access-date = July 6, 2015|archive-date = March 4, 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104125/http://www.britishsoftdrinks.com/write/MediaUploads/Publications/Soft_Drinks_-_Their_Origins_and_History.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref> and in 1845, [[R. White's Lemonade]] went on sale in the UK.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chester homeless charity teams up with lemonade brand|url=https://www.cheshire-live.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/chester-homeless-charity-teams-up-12254126|publisher=Cheshire Live|date=October 8, 2017|access-date=October 8, 2017|archive-date=October 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008232415/http://www.chesterchronicle.co.uk/news/chester-cheshire-news/chester-homeless-charity-teams-up-12254126|url-status=live}}</ref> For the [[Great Exhibition]] of 1851 held at [[Hyde Park, London|Hyde Park]] in London, Schweppes was designated the official drink supplier and sold over a million bottles of lemonade, ginger beer, [[Seltzer water]] and soda-water.<ref name="History"/> There was a Schweppes soda water fountain, situated directly at the entrance to the exhibition.<ref name="Emmins" />

Mixer drinks became popular in the second half of the century. [[Tonic water]] was originally [[quinine]] added to water as a [[prophylaxis|prophylactic]] against [[malaria]] and was consumed by British officials stationed in the tropical areas of [[South Asia]] and Africa. As the quinine powder was so bitter people began mixing the powder with soda and sugar, and a basic tonic water was created. The first commercial tonic water was produced in 1858.<ref>{{cite web|last=Raustiala|first=Kal|title=The Imperial Cocktail|url=https://slate.com/technology/2013/08/gin-and-tonic-kept-the-british-empire-healthy-the-drinks-quinine-powder-was-vital-for-stopping-the-spread-of-malaria.html|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=August 28, 2013|publisher=[[The Slate Group]]|access-date=August 30, 2013|archive-date=August 28, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828120157/http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/foreigners/2013/08/gin_and_tonic_kept_the_british_empire_healthy_the_drink_s_quinine_powder.single.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[mixed drink]] [[gin and tonic]] also originated in [[British India|British colonial India]], when the British population would mix their medicinal quinine tonic with [[gin]].<ref name="Emmins" />

[[File:Image-Codd bottle.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The [[Codd-neck bottle]] invented in 1872 provided an effective seal, preventing the soft drinks from going 'flat'.]]
A persistent problem in the soft drinks industry was the lack of an effective sealing of the bottles. Carbonated drink [[bottle]]s are under great pressure from the gas, so inventors tried to find the best way to prevent the carbon dioxide or bubbles from escaping. The bottles could also explode if the pressure was too great. [[Hiram Codd]] devised a patented [[bottling]] machine while working at a small mineral water works in the [[Caledonian Road (London)|Caledonian Road]], [[Islington]], in London in 1870. His [[Codd-neck bottle]] was designed to enclose a [[marble]] and a [[rubber]] [[washer (mechanical)|washer]] in the neck. The bottles were filled upside down, and pressure of the gas in the bottle forced the marble against the washer, sealing in the carbonation. The bottle was pinched into a special shape to provide a chamber into which the marble was pushed to open the bottle. This prevented the marble from blocking the neck as the drink was poured.<ref name="Emmins" /> R. White's, by now the biggest soft drinks company in London and south-east England, featured a wide range of drinks on their price list in 1887, all of which were sold in Codd's glass bottles, with choices including strawberry soda, raspberry soda, cherryade and cream soda.<ref>{{cite news |title="Secret lemonade drinker": the story of R White's and successors in Barking and Essex. |url=http://barkinghistoricalsociety.co.uk/secret-lemonade-drinker.html |access-date=October 14, 2021 |agency=Barking and District Historical Society |archive-date=October 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026151404/https://barkinghistoricalsociety.co.uk/secret-lemonade-drinker.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File: New York utility lines in 1890.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|New York in 1890. A street sign "SODA" is visible at the bottom left part of the image.]]
In 1892, the "[[Crown cork|Crown Cork Bottle Seal]]" was patented by [[William Painter (inventor)|William Painter]], a Baltimore, Maryland machine shop operator. It was the first bottle top to successfully keep the bubbles in the bottle. In 1899, the first patent was issued for a [[glass-blowing]] machine for the automatic production of glass bottles. Earlier glass bottles had all been hand-blown. Four years later, the new bottle-blowing machine was in operation. It was first operated by [[Michael Joseph Owens|Michael Owens]], an employee of Libby Glass Company. Within a few years, glass bottle production increased from 1,400 bottles a day to about 58,000 bottles a day.

In America, [[soda fountain]]s were initially more popular, and many Americans would frequent the soda fountain daily. Beginning in 1806, [[Yale University]] chemistry professor [[Benjamin Silliman]] sold soda waters in [[New Haven, Connecticut]]. He used a Nooth apparatus to produce his waters. Businessmen in Philadelphia and New York City also began selling soda water in the early 19th century. In the 1830s, [[John Matthews (soda water manufacturer)|John Matthews]] of New York City and John Lippincott of Philadelphia began manufacturing soda fountains. Both men were successful and built large factories for fabricating fountains. Due to problems in the U.S. glass industry, bottled drinks remained a small portion of the market throughout much of the 19th century. (However, they were known in England. In ''[[The Tenant of Wildfell Hall]]'', published in 1848, the caddish Huntingdon, recovering from months of debauchery, wakes at noon and gulps a bottle of soda-water.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEVaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22tenant+of+Wildfell+Hall%22&pg=PA198 |title=''Wildfell Hall'', ch. 30 |access-date=March 26, 2013 |year=1922 |last1=Brontë |first1=Anne |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415235737/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEVaAAAAMAAJ&q=%22tenant+of+Wildfell+Hall%22&pg=PA198 |url-status=live }}</ref>)

In the early 20th century, sales of bottled soda increased greatly around the world, and in the second half of the 20th century, canned soft drinks became an important share of the market. During the 1920s, "Home-Paks" were invented. "Home-Paks" are the familiar [[Carton|six-pack cartons]] made from cardboard. [[Vending machine]]s also began to appear in the 1920s. Since then, soft drink vending machines have become increasingly popular. Both hot and cold drinks are sold in these self-service machines throughout the world.