Editing Sodium dodecyl sulfate (section)

== Applications ==

===Cleaning and hygiene===
SDS is mainly used in detergents for laundry with many cleaning applications.<ref name="Ullmann">Smulders, Eduard ; Rybinski, Wolfgang; Sung, Eric; Rähse, Wilfried; Steber, Josef; Wiebel, Frederike & Nordskog, Anette. (2002) "Laundry Detergents," in ''Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry,'' Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a08_315.pub2}}{{page needed|date=March 2016}}</ref> It is a highly effective [[surfactant]] and is used in any task requiring the removal of oily stains and residues. For example, it is found in higher concentrations with industrial products including engine degreasers, floor cleaners, and car exterior cleaners.{{CN|date=April 2022}}

It is a component in hand soap, toothpastes, shampoos, shaving creams, and [[bubble bath]] formulations, for its ability to create a foam (lather), for its surfactant properties, and in part for its thickening effect.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hpd.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=chem&id=78|title=Household Products Database – Health and Safety Information on Household Products|work=nih.gov|access-date=13 March 2016|archive-date=12 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612113209/https://hpd.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/brands?tbl=chem&id=78|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Food additive===
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, appearing as its synonym ''sodium lauryl sulfate'' (SLS), is considered a [[generally recognized as safe]] (GRAS) ingredient for food use according to the [[Food and Drug Administration|USFDA]] (21 CFR 172.822).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granule/CFR-2013-title21-vol3/CFR-2013-title21-vol3-sec172-822|title=21 CFR 172.822 – Sodium lauryl sulfate|work=gpo.gov|access-date=13 March 2016}}</ref> It is used as an emulsifying agent and whipping aid.<ref>{{cite book | author = Igoe, R. S.  | date = 1983 | title = Dictionary of food ingredients | location = New York | publisher = Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.}}{{page needed|date=March 2016}}</ref> As an emulsifier in or with egg whites the United States Code of Federal Regulations require that it must not exceed 1,000 parts per million (0.1%) in egg white solids or 125 parts per million (0.0125%) in frozen or liquid egg whites and as a whipping agent for the preparation of marshmallows it must not exceed 0.5% of the weight of gelatine.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=0ca7f8a00fa31be81df5a4560692d7cd&mc=true&node=se21.3.172_1822&rgn=div8|title=21 CFR 172.822 – Sodium lauryl sulfate|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref> SLS is reported to temporarily diminish perception of sweetness.<ref>{{cite book | author = Adams, Michael J. | year = 1985 | title = Characterization and Measurement of Flavor Compounds | volume = 289 | chapter = Substances That Modify the Perception of Sweetness (Ch. 2) | pages = [https://archive.org/details/characterization0000unse/page/11 11–25] | doi = 10.1021/bk-1985-0289.ch002 | series = ACS Symposium Series | editor = Bills, Donald D. | editor2 = Mussinan, Cynthia J. | isbn = 9780841209442 | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/characterization0000unse/page/11 }}</ref>

===Laboratory applications===
SDS is used in cleaning procedures,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/sis/search/a?dbs+hsdb:@term+@DOCNO+1315|title=Sodium Lauryl Sulfate – National Library of Medicine HSDB Database|website=toxnet.nlm.nih.gov|access-date=2017-02-16}}</ref> and is commonly used as a component for [[Lysis|lysing]] cells during [[RNA extraction]] or [[DNA extraction]], inhibiting the activity of nucleases, enzymes that can degrade DNA, protecting the integrity of the isolated genetic material, and for denaturing proteins in preparation for [[electrophoresis]] in the [[SDS-PAGE]] technique.<ref>The acronym expands to "sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis."</ref>

[[File:Protein-SDS interaction.png|thumb|Denaturation of a protein using SDS]]

In the case of SDS-PAGE, the compound works by disrupting non-covalent bonds in the proteins, and so denaturing them, i.e. causing the protein molecules to lose their native conformations and shapes. By binding to proteins at a ratio of one SDS molecule per 2 amino acid residues, the negatively charged detergent provides all proteins with a similar net negative charge and therefore a similar charge-to-mass ratio.<ref name=":2">{{cite book|last1=Janson|first1=Lee W.|first2=Marc|last2=Tischler|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/794620168|title=The big picture: medical biochemistry|date=2012|publisher=McGraw-Hill|others=Tischler, Marc E.|isbn=978-0-07-163792-3|location=New York|oclc=794620168}}</ref> In this way, the difference in mobility of the polypeptide chains in the gel can be attributed solely to their length as opposed to both their native charge and shape.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{cite book|title=Fundamental Laboratory Approaches for Biochemistry and Biotechnology|last1=Ninfa|first1=Alexander|last2=Ballou|first2=David|last3=Benore|first3=Marilee|publisher=Wiley, John and Sons, Incorporated|year=2009|isbn=978-0470087664|location=United States|page=165}}</ref> This separation based on the size of the polypeptide chain simplifies the analysis of protein molecules.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=Fundamental Laboratory Approaches for Biochemistry and Biotechnology|last1=Ninfa|first1=Alexander|last2=Ballou|first2=David|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1998|isbn=978-1-891-78600-6|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|page=129}}</ref> 

====Pharmaceutical applications====
Sodium lauryl sulfate is a widely used in the pharmaceutical field as an ionic solubilizer and emulsifier that is suitable for applications in liquid dispersions, solutions, emulsions and micro emulsions, tablets, foams and semi-solids such as creams, lotions and gels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pharmaceuticals|url=https://pharmaceutical.basf.com/global/en.html|access-date=2021-04-27|website=pharmaceutical.basf.com|language=en}}</ref> Additionally, SLS aids in tablet wettability, as well as lubrication during manufacturing. Brand names of pharma-grade SLS include Kolliphor SLS and Kolliphor SLS Fine.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kolliphor® SLS|url=https://pharmaceutical.basf.com/global/en/drug-formulation/products/kolliphor-sls.html|access-date=2021-04-27|website=pharmaceutical.basf.com|language=en}}</ref>

====Miscellaneous applications====
SLS is used in an improved technique for preparing brain tissues for study by optical microscopy. The technique, which has been branded as CLARITY, was the work of Karl Deisseroth and coworkers at [[Stanford University]], and involves infusion of the organ with an [[acrylamide]] solution to bind the macromolecules of the organ ([[protein]]s, [[nucleic acid]]s, etc.), followed by thermal polymerization to form a "brain–hydrogel" (a mesh interspersed throughout the tissue to fix the macromolecules and other structures in space), and then by lipid removal using SDS to eliminate [[light scattering]] with minimal protein loss, rendering the tissue quasi-transparent.<ref name=ShenNatureNews2013>{{cite journal | last=Shen | first = Helen | year = 2013 | title=See-through brains clarify connections | journal = Nature | volume = 496 | issue = 7444; April 10  | page = 151  | doi = 10.1038/496151a | pmid = 23579658 | bibcode = 2013Natur.496..151S | doi-access = free }}{{better source|date=March 2016}}</ref><ref name=ChungDeisserothNature2013>{{cite journal |author = Chung, K. |author2=Wallace, J. |author3=Kim, S.-Y. |author4=Kalyanasundaram, S. |author5=Andalman, A.S. |author6=Davidson, T.J. |author7=Mirzabekov, J.J. |author8=Zalocusky, K.A. |author9= Mattis, J. |author10=Denisin, A.K. |author11=Pak, Sally |author12=Bernstein, H. |author13=Ramakrishnan, C. |author14=Grosenick, L. |author15=Gradinaru, V. |author16=Deisseroth, K. |display-authors=3 | year = 2013 | title= Structural and molecular interrogation of intact biological systems | journal = Nature | volume = 497 | issue = 7449; May 16 | pages = 332–37 | doi = 10.1038/nature12107 | quote = Obtaining high-resolution information from a complex system, while maintaining the global perspective needed to understand system function, represents a key challenge in biology. Here we address this challenge with a method (termed CLARITY) for the transformation of intact tissue into a nanoporous hydrogel-hybridized form (crosslinked to a three-dimensional network of hydrophilic polymers) that is fully assembled but optically transparent and macromolecule-permeable. | pmid=23575631 | pmc=4092167|bibcode=2013Natur.497..332C }}</ref>

Along with [[sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate]] and [[Triton X-100]], aqueous solutions of SDS are popular for dispersing or suspending nanotubes, such as [[carbon nanotube]]s.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Islam|first1=M. F.| year = 2003 | title=High Weight Fraction Surfactant Solubilization of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Water|journal=Nano Letters|volume=3|issue=2|pages=269–73|doi=10.1021/nl025924u|bibcode=2003NanoL...3..269I}}</ref>

===Other uses===
SLS has been proposed as a potentially effective topical microbicide, for intravaginal use, to inhibit and possibly prevent infection by various [[Viral envelope|enveloped]] and non-enveloped [[virus]]es such as the [[herpes simplex virus]]es, [[HIV]], and the [[Semliki Forest virus]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=Sodium lauryl sulfate, a microbicide effective against enveloped and nonenveloped viruses |author1=Piret J. |author2=Désormeaux, A. |author3=Bergeron, M.G.  | journal=Curr. Drug Targets | year=2002 | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 17–30 | pmid=11899262 | doi=10.2174/1389450023348037 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=In vitro and in vivo evaluations of sodium lauryl sulfate and dextran sulfate as microbicides against herpes simplex and human immunodeficiency viruses |author1=Piret J. |author2=Lamontagne, J. |author3=Bestman-Smith, J. |author4=Roy, S. |author5=Gourde, P. |author6=Désormeaux, A. |author7=Omar, R.F. |author8=Juhász, J. |author9=Bergeron, M.G.  | journal = J. Clin. Microbiol. | year=2000 |volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 110–19 |doi=10.1128/JCM.38.1.110-119.2000 | pmid=10618073 | pmc=86033 }}</ref>

Liquid membranes formed from SDS in water have been demonstrated to work as unusual particle separators.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Science Advances|volume=4|author=Birgitt Boschitsch Stogin |display-authors=etal |title=Free-standing liquid membranes as unusual particle separators|issue=8|pages=eaat3276|date=August 24, 2018|doi=10.1126/sciadv.aat3276|pmid=30151426|pmc=6108570|bibcode=2018SciA....4.3276S}}</ref>  The device acts as a reverse filter, allowing large particles to pass while capturing smaller particles.