Editing Sochi (section)

==History==
{{Main|History of Sochi}}
{{Quote box
| title = Historical affiliations
| quote = [[Colchis]] 13th century BC–63 AD<br>
[[Image:Standard of Cyrus the Great (Achaemenid Empire).svg|22px]] [[Achaemenid Empire]] 511 BC–330 BC<br>
[[Kingdom of Pontus]] 111 BC–62 BC <br>
[[Image:Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg|22px]] [[Roman Empire]] 62 BC–337 AD<br>
[[Kingdom of Lazica]] 337–697<br>
[[Image:Byzantine imperial flag, 14th century.svg|22px]] [[Byzantine Empire]] 697–786<br>
[[Image:Flag of the Kingdom of Egris-Abkhazia v2.svg|22px]] [[Kingdom of Abkhazia]] 778–1008<br>
{{flagicon|Georgia|1008}} [[Kingdom of Georgia]] 1008–1490<br>
[[Image:Flag of the Mongol Empire 3.png|22px]] [[Mongol Empire]] 1242–1259<br>
[[Image:Principality of Abkhazia coat of arms.svg|22px]] [[Principality of Abkhazia]] 1491–1829<br>
{{flagicon|Ottoman Empire}} [[Ottoman Empire]] 1578–1829<br>  
{{flagicon|Circassia}} [[Circassia]] 1829–1864<br> 
{{flag|Russian Empire}} 1864–1917<br>
{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russian Republic]] 1917–1918<br>
{{flagicon| RSFSR}} [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] 1918<br>
{{flagicon|Georgia|1918}} [[Georgian Democratic Republic]] 1918–1919<br>
{{flagicon|Russia}} [[South Russia (1919–1920)|South Russia]] 1919–1920<br>
{{flagicon| RSFSR}} [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] 1920–1991<br>
{{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] 1922–1991<br>
{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russian Federation]] 1991–present
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=== Early history ===
Before the whole area was conquered by [[Cimmerian]], [[Scythian]] and [[Sarmatian]] invaders, the [[Zygii]] (Proto-[[Circassians|Adyghe]]) people lived in [[Lesser Abkhazia]] under the [[Kingdom of Pontus]], then the [[Roman Empire]]'s influence in [[classical antiquity|antiquity]]. From the 6th to the 11th centuries, the area successively belonged to the Georgian kingdoms of [[Lazica]] and [[Kingdom of Abkhazia|Abkhazia]], who built a dozen churches within the city boundaries, the later was [[Kingdom of Georgia#Unification of the Georgian State|unified]] under the single [[Kingdom of Georgia|Georgian monarchy]] in the 11th century, forming one of the [[Saeristavo]], known as [[Duchy of Tskhumi|Tskhumi]] extending its possessions up to [[Nicopsis]]. The Christian settlements along the coast were destroyed by the invading [[Alans]], [[Khazars]], [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] and other [[nomadic empire]]s whose control of the region was slight. The northern wall of an 11th-century [[Byzantine architecture|Byzantine]] [[basilica]] still stands in the [[Loo Microdistrict]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title= |script-title=ru:Византийский храм в Лоо |trans-title=Byzantine church in Loo |url=http://arch-sochi.ru/2012/05/vizantiyskiy-hram-v-loo/ |access-date=January 30, 2014 |publisher=Архитектура Сочи |language=ru}}</ref>

Between the [[13th century|13th]] and [[15th century|15th centuries]], the [[Republic of Genoa]] had the monopoly of the trade on the shores of the Black Sea, and established colonies and trading posts in the region of the present-day Sochi, the large ones were [[Adler Microdistrict|Layso]] and [[Khosta Microdistrict|Costa]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Генуэзцы|url=http://edemkavkaza.ru/enciklopediasochi/179-genuezcy.html|access-date=2020-11-18|website=edemkavkaza.ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-19 |title=Крепость Годлик, Сочи – описание, история, фотография, а также интересные факты |trans-title=Godlik Fortress, Sochi – description, history, photos, and interesting facts. |url=https://nicko.ru/крепость-годлик/ |access-date=2020-11-18 |language=ru-RU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Фунтиков |first=Илья |date=2017-04-26 |title=Генуэзская крепость в Хосте |trans-title=Genoese fortress in Khosta |url=https://sochinews.io/2017/04/26/genuezskaya-krepost-v-hoste/ |access-date=2020-11-18 |website=Новости Сочи Sochinews.io |language=ru-RU}}</ref>

From the 14th to the 19th centuries, the region was dominated by the [[Abkhaz people|Abkhaz]], [[Ubykh people|Ubykh]], [[Abazins|Abazin]] and [[Adyghe people|Adyghe]] tribes, the current location of the city of Sochi (Ş̂açə) known as [[Ubykhia]] was part of historical [[Circassia]], and was controlled by the native people of the local mountaineer clans of the north-west Caucasus, nominally under the sovereignty of the [[Ottoman Empire]], which was their principal trading partner in the Islamic world.

=== Russian Empire ===
The coastline was occupied by Russia in 1829 as a result of the [[Russo-Circassian War]] and the [[Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)|Russo-Turkish War]], 1828–1829; however, the [[Circassians]] did not accept the Russian control over [[Circassia]] and kept resisting the newly established Russian outposts along the [[Circassian coast]] ({{langx|ady|Адыгэ хы Iушъо}}).<ref name="Mus">Exposition of the Historical Museum of Sochi, partly reflected in Russian in{{cite web|url=http://www.sochiadm.ru/content/section/35/detail/31/ |title=История Сочи |url-status=dead |access-date=December 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011234131/http://www.sochiadm.ru/content/section/35/detail/31/ |archive-date=October 11, 2010}} (History of Sochi) at the official site of the city</ref><ref name="Mus2">{{Cite web |title=Sochi - from ancient sites to 2014 Olympics |url=http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/07/05/11511062.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120318121255/http://english.ruvr.ru/2010/07/05/11511062.html |archive-date=2012-03-18 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=english.ruvr.ru |language=ru}}</ref> Provision of weapons and ammunition from abroad to the Circassians caused a diplomatic conflict between the [[Russian Empire]] and the [[Britain's Imperial Century|British Empire]] that occurred in 1836 over the [[mission of the Vixen|mission of the ''Vixen'']].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hopkirk |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_41VGoCYU8C&pg=PA158 |title=The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280232-3 |language=en}}</ref>

The Russians had no detailed knowledge of the area until Baron [[Feodor Tornau]] investigated the coastal route from [[Gelendzhik]] to [[Gagra]], and across the mountains to [[Kabarda]], in the 1830s.{{citation needed|date=October 2010}} In 1838, the fort of Alexandria, renamed Navaginsky a year later, was founded at the mouth of the [[Sochi River]] as part of the Black Sea coastal line, a chain of seventeen fortifications set up to protect the area from recurring Circassian resistance. At the outbreak of the [[Crimean War]], the garrison was evacuated from Navaginsky to prevent its capture by the Turks, who effected a landing on [[Adler, Russia|Cape Adler]] soon after.

The last battle of the [[Russo-Circassian War]], the [[Battle of Qbaada]], took place in 1864, and the Dakhovsky fort was established on the site of the Navaginsky fort. The end of the Caucasian War was proclaimed at Qbaada tract (modern [[Krasnaya Polyana, Sochi, Krasnodar Krai|Krasnaya Polyana]]) on June 2 (21 May [[Old Style|O.S.]]), 1864, by the manifesto of [[Emperor]] [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander&nbsp;II]], read aloud by [[Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia]].<ref name="Mus" /> The city was the administrative capital of the [[Sochinsky Okrug]].

==== Circassian genocide ====
{{Main|Circassian genocide}}
By the end of [[Russo-Circassian War]], the Russian Empire aimed to systematically destroy the native Circassian people in the region<ref name="Ahmed16132">{{harvnb|Ahmed|2013|p=161}}.</ref><ref name="Burykina2">L.V.Burykina. ''Pereselenskoye dvizhenie na severo-zapagni Kavakaz''. Reference in King.</ref><ref name="Richmond2008792">{{harvnb|Richmond|2008|p=79}}.</ref> and several atrocities were committed by the Russian forces.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Richmond |first=Walter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwZwpA70cC |title=The Circassian Genocide |date=9 April 2013 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-6069-4}}</ref><ref name="Shenfield">Shenfield, Stephen D. ''The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?'', 1999</ref> As a result, almost all [[Ubykh people|Ubykhs]] and a major part of the [[Circassians]] who lived on the territory of modern Sochi, were either killed or expelled to the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the [[Circassian genocide]]. According to Russian sources, Sochi's population fell from roughly 100,000, to 98.<ref name="ReferenceA">Половинкина Т. В. Сочинское Причерноморье – Нальчик (2006) pp. 216–218, {{ISBN|588195775X}}</ref><ref name="4. Население">{{Cite book |title=4. Население |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2011/year/year2011.rar |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230317215524/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2011/year/year2011.rar |archive-date=2023-03-17 |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=www.gks.ru |date=2011 |publisher=Статистика России |isbn=978-5-89476-319-4}}</ref><ref name="GSE">{{Cite web |title=Сочи |url=https://bse.sci-lib.com/article104967.html |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=bse.sci-lib.com}}</ref>

Starting in 1866 the coast was actively colonized by Russians, Armenians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Greeks, Germans, Georgians and other people from inner Russia.<ref name="Mus" /><ref name="Mus2" /> Additionally in the late 1860s, the Adyghe, mostly of the [[Shapsugs|Shapsug]] and Khakuchi tribes, who were hiding in the mountains started resettling on the coast.<ref name="Mus" />

In 1874–1891, the first [[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox church]], [[Saint Michael's Church, Sochi|St. Michael's Church]], was constructed, and the Dakhovsky settlement was renamed ''Dakhovsky'' [[Posad]] on April 13, 1874 ([[Old Style|O.S.]]). In February 1890, the Sochi Lighthouse was constructed. In 1896, the Dakhovsky [[Posad]] was renamed ''Sochi'' [[Posad]] (after the name of local river) and incorporated into the newly formed [[Black Sea Governorate]]. In 1900–1910, Sochi burgeoned into a sea resort. The first resort, "Kavkazskaya Riviera", opened on June 14, 1909 ([[Old Style|O.S.]]). Sochi was granted town status in 1917.<ref name="Mus" />

<gallery widths="230" heights="160">
File:Sochi-1838.jpg|Plan of Fort Alexandria at the mouth of Sochi, which initiated the city of Sochi
File:Subashi desant.jpg|The landing of [[Nikolay Raevsky]]'s squadron at Subashi, 1839 by [[Ivan Aivazovsky]]
File:CircassianCoastBattle.JPG|[[Adyghe people|Adyghe]] strike on a Russian Military Fort in 1840 during the [[Russo-Circassian War|Russian-Circassians War]]
File:Sochi-kurort.jpg|The "Kavkazskaya Riviera" resort in Sochi, ca. 1909
File:Sochi (Moscvich) 1913.jpg|Map of Sochi in 1913 (Russian edition)
</gallery>

=== Soviet time===
During the [[Russian Civil War]], the littoral area saw [[Sochi conflict|sporadic armed clashes]] involving the [[Red Army]], [[White movement]] forces, and the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]]. As a result of the war Sochi has become Russian territory. In 1923, Sochi acquired one of its most distinctive features, a [[North Caucasus Railway|railway which runs]] from [[Tuapse]] to Georgia within a kilometer or two of the coastline. Although this branch of the [[Northern Caucasus Railway]] may appear somewhat incongruous in the setting of beaches and sanatoriums, it is still operational and vital to the region's transportation infrastructure.<ref name="Mus" />

Sochi was established as a fashionable resort area under [[Joseph Stalin]], who had his favorite [[dacha]] built in the city. Stalin's study, complete with a wax statue of the leader, is now open to the public.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=Staff |date=2007-02-07 |title=Stalin's ghost haunts Black Sea hotel |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2007-02-07-stalins-ghost-haunts-black-sea-hotel/ |access-date=2025-05-18 |website=The Mail & Guardian |language=en-ZA}}</ref> During Stalin's reign the coast became dotted with imposing [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] buildings, exemplified by the opulent Rodina and Ordzhonikidze sanatoriums. The centerpiece of this early period is [[Alexey Shchusev|Shchusev]]'s [[Constructivist architecture|Constructivist]] Institute of Rheumatology (1927–1931). The area was continuously developed until the demise of the Soviet Union.<ref name="Mus" />

=== Modern Russia ===
Following Russia's loss of the traditionally popular resorts of the [[Crimean Peninsula]] ([[1954 transfer of Crimea|transferred]] from the [[Russian SFSR]] to the [[Ukrainian SSR]] in 1954 by [[Nikita Khrushchev]]), Sochi emerged as the unofficial [[summer capital]] of the country.<ref>{{cite news |last=Голубева |first=Елена |date=September 25, 2013 |title= |script-title=ru:Олимпийская столица – и для спортсменов, и для бизнесменов |trans-title=Olympic capital – for both athletes and businessmen. |url=http://www.kp.ru/daily/26138/3027662/ |access-date=January 30, 2014 |newspaper=[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]] |language=ru}}</ref> In 1961, Soviet officials decided to expand the city limits by forming a ''Greater Sochi'' which extended for 140 kilometers from the southern parts of [[Tuapse]] to [[Adler Microdistrict|Adler]]. In July 2005, Russia submitted a successful bid for hosting the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] in the city, spending around $51 billion in the process.<ref name="FA">{{cite journal|title=Sochi in the Russian Imagination|journal=[[Foreign Affairs]]|date=February 2014|url=https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russian-federation/2014-02-23/sochi-russian-imagination|last1=Koenker|first1=Diane P.}}{{subscription required|via=Foreign Affairs}}</ref>

In 2019, an area in the [[Imereti Lowlands]] was separated from Adlersky city district to form a new [[urban-type settlement]] named [[Sirius (urban-type settlement)|Sirius]]. It was later designated as a [[Federal territory (Russia)|federal territory]].<ref>{{cite news |date=22 December 2020 |title=Путин подписал закон о федеральной территории "Сириус" |trans-title=Putin signed the law on the federal territory "Sirius." |url=https://news.ru/russia/putin-podpisal-zakon-o-federalnoj-territorii-sirius/ |work=news.ru |language=ru}}</ref>

<gallery widths="230" heights="160">
File:Здание санатория «Орджоникидзе» (Сочи, курортный пр.)102.jpg|Ordzhonikidze resort, built in 1937–1955
File:RIAN archive 579736 Promenade and beach in Sochi.jpg|Promenade in Sochi, 1973
File:Храм Святого Владимира на Виноградной горе.jpg|St. Vladimir Church, built in 2005–2011
</gallery>

On January 11, 2025 there were 2 [[earthquake]]s in Sochi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.am/eng/news/861009.html |title=Earthquakes struck Sochi |access-date=2025-01-11 |archive-date=2025-01-11 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250111211426/https://news.am/eng/news/861009.html |url-status=live }}</ref>