Editing Smithsonian Institution (section)

==Development==
Though the Smithsonian's first secretary, [[Joseph Henry]], wanted the institution to be a center for scientific research,<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=University of Alabama Press|isbn=978-0-8173-1204-6| last= Orosz |first= Joel J.|title=Curators and Culture: The Museum Movement in America, 1740-1870|date=June 28, 2002}}{{rp|155}}</ref> it also became the depository for various Washington and U.S. government collections.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=University of Alabama Press|isbn=978-0-8173-1204-6|last=Orosz|first=Joel J. |title=Curators and Culture: The Museum Movement in America, 1740-1870|date=June 28, 2002}}{{rp|157}}</ref> The [[United States Exploring Expedition]] by the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] circumnavigated the globe between 1838 and 1842.<ref name="University of Washington Press">{{Cite book |publisher= University of Washington Press|isbn=978-0-295-98239-7 |last1=Benson|first1=Keith Rodney |last2=Rehbock|first2=Philip F.|title=Oceanographic History: The Pacific and Beyond|date=2002}}{{rp|532}}</ref> The voyage amassed thousands of animal specimens, an [[herbarium]] of 50,000 plant specimens, and diverse shells and minerals, tropical birds, jars of seawater, and [[ethnographic]] artifacts from the [[South Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="University of Washington Press"/> These specimens and artifacts became part of the Smithsonian collections,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Adler|first=Antony|date=May 1, 2011 |title=From the Pacific to the Patent Office: The US Exploring Expedition and the origins of America's first national museum |journal=Journal of the History of Collections |volume=23|issue=1|pages=49–74| doi= 10.1093/jhc/fhq002|issn=0954-6650}}</ref> as did those collected by several military and civilian surveys of the [[Western United States|American West]], including the [[United States and Mexican Boundary Survey|Mexican Boundary Survey]] and [[Pacific Railroad Surveys]], which assembled many [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] artifacts and [[natural history]] specimens.<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=Рипол Классик|isbn=978-5-88160-802-6|last1=Baird |first1=S.F. |last2=Emory|first2=W.H. |title=Report on the United States and Mexican boundary survey|year=1857}}{{rp|13}}</ref>

In 1846, the regents developed a plan for weather observation; in 1847, money was appropriated for meteorological research.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Smithsonian Institution|volume=25}}</ref> The institution became a magnet for young [[scientists]] from 1857 to 1866, who formed a group called the [[Megatherium Club]].<ref name="Merrill1999">{{cite book|last=Merrill|first=Marlene Deahl |title=Yellowstone and the Great West: Journals, Letters, and Images from the 1871 Hayden Expedition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5im5iAPqy3UC&pg=PA220|access-date=September 4, 2016|year=1999|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=0803231482|page=220|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716061906/https://books.google.com/books?id=5im5iAPqy3UC&pg=PA220|archive-date=July 16, 2017}}</ref> The Smithsonian played a critical role as the US partner institution in early bilateral scientific exchanges with the [[Academy of Sciences of Cuba]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pastrana |first1=Sergio Jorge |title= Building a Lasting Cuba-U.S. Bridge through Science |url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/building-lasting-cuba-us-bridge-through-science|website=Science & Diplomacy |date=March 30, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103006/http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2015/building-lasting-cuba-us-bridge-through-science|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref>

===Museums and buildings===
[[File:Smithsonian.jpg|thumb|330px|The Smithsonian Institution area around the [[National Mall]].]]

Construction began on the [[Smithsonian Institution Building]] ("the Castle") in 1849. Designed by architect [[James Renwick Jr.]], its interiors were completed by general contractor Gilbert Cameron. The building opened in 1855.<ref>{{cite web|url={{NHLS url|id=66000867}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination: Smithsonian Institution Building|last=Morton |first=W. Brown III| date= February 8, 1971|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=May 11, 2009}}</ref>

The Smithsonian's first expansion came with the construction of the [[Arts and Industries Building]] in 1881. Congress had promised to build a new structure for the museum if the 1876 [[Philadelphia Centennial Exposition]] generated enough income. It did, and the building was designed by architects [[Adolf Cluss]] and Paul Schulze, based on original plans developed by [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Montgomery C. Meigs]] of the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]]. It opened in 1881.<ref>{{cite web |url={{NHLS url|id=71000994}}|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination: Arts and Industries Building of the Smithsonian Institution|last=Norton|first=W. Brown III|date=April 6, 1971|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=May 11, 2009}}</ref>

[[File:A field trip to the Smithsonian Institution LCCN2001702329.jpg|thumb|200px|A school field trip to the Smithsonian Institution, {{c.|1900}}]]

The [[National Zoological Park (United States)|National Zoological Park]] opened in 1889 to accommodate the Smithsonian's Department of Living Animals.<ref name="siarchives.si.edu">{{cite web |url= http://siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/pictures/national-zoological-park |title=National Zoological Park |website= Smithsonian Institution |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141111025911/http://siarchives.si.edu/history/exhibits/pictures/national-zoological-park |archive-date=November 11, 2014}}</ref> The park was designed by landscape architect [[Frederick Law Olmsted]].<ref name="siarchives.si.edu" />

The [[National Museum of Natural History]] opened in June 1911 to similarly accommodate the Smithsonian's United States National Museum, which had previously been housed in the Castle and then the Arts and Industries Building.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.mnh.si.edu/about/history.htm |title=Museum History |website= nmh.si.edu |publisher=National Museum of Natural History |year=2008 |access-date=November 15, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726053347/https://www.mnh.si.edu/about/history.htm |archive-date=July 26, 2009}}</ref> This structure was designed by the D.C. architectural firm of [[Hornblower & Marshall]].<ref>{{cite news| title= New Museum Plans| newspaper= The Washington Post| date= April 13, 1903}}</ref>

When [[Detroit]] [[philanthropist]] [[Charles Lang Freer]] donated his private collection to the Smithsonian and funds to build the museum to hold it (which was named the [[Freer Gallery]]), it was among the Smithsonian's first major donations from a private individual.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery|isbn=978-1-85759-297-9|last=Gunter|first=Ann Clyburn|title=A Collector's Journey: Charles Lang Freer and Egypt|date=2002}}{{rp|96}}</ref> The gallery opened in 1923.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=The History Press|isbn=978-1-62585-064-5| last= Fortier |first= Alison |title=A History Lover's Guide to Washington, D.C.: Designed for Democracy|date=May 6, 2014}}{{rp|110}}</ref>

More than 40 years would pass before the next museum, the Museum of History and Technology (renamed the [[National Museum of American History]] in 1980), opened in 1964. It was designed by the world-renowned firm of [[McKim, Mead & White]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moeller|first1=Gerard Martin|last2=Feldblyum|first2=Boris|title=AIA Guide to the Architecture of Washington, D.C. |location=Baltimore |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|date=2012|isbn=9781421402697|page=78}}</ref> The [[Anacostia Community Museum]], an "experimental store-front" museum created at the initiative of Smithsonian Secretary [[S. Dillon Ripley]], opened in the [[Anacostia]] neighborhood of Washington, D.C., in 1967.<ref name=Bass>{{cite journal|last=Bass|first=Holly |title=Camille Akeju: New Director Seeks to Rejuvenate Anacostia Museum |journal= [[Crisis (journal)|Crisis]] |date=March–April 2006|pages=37–39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIEAAAAMBAJ&q=Anacostia+Museum&pg=PA37|access-date=April 22, 2012 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108005536/http://books.google.com/books?id=sEIEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA39&dq=Anacostia%20Museum&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q=Anacostia%20Museum&f=false|archive-date=January 8, 2014}}</ref><ref name=SIAHistory>{{cite web|title=Anacostia Community Museum|url=http://siarchives.si.edu/history/anacostia-community-museum |work=Smithsonian Museums|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution Archives]]|access-date=April 22, 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418131744/http://siarchives.si.edu/history/anacostia-community-museum |archive-date=April 18, 2012}}</ref><ref name=Oehser>{{cite book|last=Oehser|first=Paul H.|title=The Smithsonian Institution |year=1970|publisher=Praeger Publishers|location=New York |isbn=8989456584|pages=10 |url= http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_1095|access-date=April 22, 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103035755/http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_1095 |archive-date=January 3, 2013}}</ref> That same year, the Smithsonian signed an agreement to take over the Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration (now the [[Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum]]).<ref>{{cite news|last=Knox|first=Sanka|title=Smithsonian Takes Over Cooper Union Museum|work=The New York Times|date=October 10, 1967|page=41}}</ref> The [[National Portrait Gallery (United States)|National Portrait Gallery]] and the [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]] opened in the [[Old Patent Office Building]] (built in 1867) on October 7, 1968.<ref>{{cite news| last= Richard| first= Paul| title= A National Family Album| newspaper= The Washington Post| date= October 6, 1968}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last= Martin| first= Judith| title= 'Semi, Demi-Heroes' Open New Gallery| newspaper= The Washington Post| date= October 7, 1968}}</ref> The reuse of an older building continued with the opening of the [[Renwick Gallery]] in 1972 in the 1874 Renwick-designed art gallery originally built by local philanthropist [[William Wilson Corcoran]] to house the [[Corcoran Gallery of Art]].<ref name="WP 2013">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/museums/renwick-gallery-of-the-smithsonian-american-art-museum,791815/critic-review.html |title= Renwick Gallery of the Smithsonian American Art Museum |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=July 18, 2013 |author=Yardley, William |url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110212011708/http://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/museums/renwick-gallery-of-the-smithsonian-american-art-museum,791815/critic-review.html |archive-date=February 12, 2011}}</ref>

The first new museum building to open since the National Museum of History and Technology was the [[Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden]], which opened in 1974.<ref>{{cite news |last= Raynor |first= Vivian |title= A Preview of the New Hirshhorn Museum|work=The New York Times|date=July 14, 1974|access-date=December 13, 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/14/archives/a-preview-of-the-new-hirshhorn-museum-the-hirshhorn-some-arresting.html|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715220327/http://www.nytimes.com/1974/07/14/archives/a-preview-of-the-new-hirshhorn-museum-the-hirshhorn-some-arresting.html|archive-date=July 15, 2017}}</ref> The [[National Air and Space Museum]], the Smithsonian's largest in terms of floor space, opened in June 1976.<ref>{{cite web| last= Mianecki| first=Julie |title= The List: Six Things You Didn't Know About the Air and Space Museum on its 35th Anniversary|website= smithsonianmag.com |date=June 29, 2011|access-date=December 13, 2016 |url= http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smithsonian-institution/the-list-six-things-you-didnt-know-about-the-air-and-space-museum-on-its-35th-anniversary-24268503/}}</ref>

Eleven years later, the [[National Museum of African Art]] and the [[Arthur M. Sackler Gallery]] opened in a new, joint, underground museum between the Freer Gallery and the Smithsonian Castle.<ref name=SIAA>{{cite web|title=National Museum of African Art |url=http://siarchives.si.edu/history/national-museum-african-art|work=Smithsonian History|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution Archives]]|access-date=May 16, 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528121703/http://siarchives.si.edu/history/national-museum-african-art |archive-date=May 28, 2012}}</ref><ref name= opening>{{cite web| title= Quadrangle Complex Opens |url=http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_1765| publisher= Smithsonian Institution| work= The Torch| date= January 1987| page= 1 |access-date=May 16, 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104132101/http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_1765|archive-date=January 4, 2013}} Record Unit 371, Box 5.</ref><ref name=SIA1>{{cite web| title=Arthur M. Sackler Gallery |url=http://siarchives.si.edu/history/arthur-m.-sackler-gallery |work= Smithsonian Institution |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution Archives]] |access-date=May 10, 2012|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528121624/http://siarchives.si.edu/history/arthur-m.-sackler-gallery |archive-date=May 28, 2012}}</ref> Reuse of another old building came in 1993 with the opening of the [[National Postal Museum]] in the 1904 former [[Postal Square Building|City Post Office]] building, a few city blocks from the Mall.<ref>{{cite news|last=McAllister |first=Bill|title=The Museum On the Mail|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=July 2, 1993|page=N58}}</ref>

In 2004, the Smithsonian opened the [[National Museum of the American Indian]] in a new building near the [[United States Capitol]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Rothstein|first=Edward|title=Museum With an American Indian Voice|work=The New York Times|date=September 21, 2004|access-date=December 13, 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/21/arts/design/museum-with-an-american-indian-voice.html |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160615010955/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/09/21/arts/design/museum-with-an-american-indian-voice.html|archive-date=June 15, 2016}}</ref> Twelve years later almost to the day, in 2016, the latest museum opened: the [[National Museum of African American History and Culture]], in a new building near the [[Washington Monument]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Cotter|first=Holland|title=Review: The Smithsonian African American Museum Is Here at Last. And It Uplifts and Upsets|work=The New York Times|date=September 15, 2016|access-date=December 13, 2016 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/22/arts/design/smithsonian-african-american-museum-review.html|url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161216023638/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/22/arts/design/smithsonian-african-american-museum-review.html|archive-date=December 16, 2016}}</ref>

Two more museums have been established and are being planned for eventual construction on the Mall: the [[National Museum of the American Latino]] and the [[Smithsonian American Women's History Museum]].

===Capital campaigns===
In 2011, the Smithsonian undertook its first-ever capital fundraising campaign.<ref>{{Cite book|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-69399-2|last=Kelly|first=Kathleen S.|title=Effective Fund-Raising Management| date= December 6, 2012}}{{rp|79}}</ref> The $1.5&nbsp;billion effort raised $1&nbsp;billion at the three-year mark. Smithsonian officials made the campaign public in October 2014 in an effort to raise the remaining $500&nbsp;million. More than 60,000 individuals and organizations donated money to the campaign by the time it went public.<ref name="McGlone">{{cite news| url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/smithsonian-announces-15-billion-fundraising-effort/2014/10/20/b853634e-586d-11e4-8264-deed989ae9a2_story.html|last=McGlone|first=Peggy|title=Smithsonian Announces $1.5 Billion Fundraising Effort|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 20, 2014|access-date=October 21, 2014|url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141021101512/http://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/museums/smithsonian-announces-15-billion-fundraising-effort/2014/10/20/b853634e-586d-11e4-8264-deed989ae9a2_story.html|archive-date=October 21, 2014}}</ref> This included 192 gifts of at least $1&nbsp;million.<ref name="McGlone"/> Members of the boards of directors of various Smithsonian museums donated $372&nbsp;million.<ref name="McGlone"/> The Smithsonian said that funds raised would go toward completion of the [[National Museum of African American History and Culture]] building, and renovations of the [[National Air and Space Museum]], [[National Museum of American History]], and the [[Renwick Gallery]].<ref name="McGlone"/> A smaller amount of funds would go to educational initiatives and digitization of collections.<ref name="McGlone"/> As of September 2017, the Smithsonian claimed to have raised $1.79&nbsp;billion, with three months left in the formal campaign calendar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Progress |url=https://smithsoniancampaign.org/progress|website=smithsoniancampaign.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210064239/https://smithsoniancampaign.org/progress|archive-date= February 10, 2018}}</ref>

Separately from the major capital campaign, the Smithsonian has begun fundraising through [[Kickstarter]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/lifestyle/smithsonian-kickstarter |title=Saving America's treasures: The Smithsonian used Kickstarter to raise money for Neil Armstrong's spacesuit and Dorothy's ruby slippers. Was it worth it? |first=Peggy |last=McGlone |date=July 6, 2017 |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=January 20, 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107234036/https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/lifestyle/smithsonian-kickstarter/ |archive-date=November 7, 2017}}</ref> An example is a campaign to fund the preservation and maintenance of the [[ruby slippers]] worn by [[Judy Garland]] for her role as [[Dorothy Gale]] in the 1939 film ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bowley|first1=Graham|title=Smithsonian Seeks $300,000 to Save Dorothy's Ruby Slippers |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/20/arts/design/smithsonian-seeks-300000-to-save-dorothys-ruby-slippers.html|access-date=October 14, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=October 19, 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226170219/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/20/arts/design/smithsonian-seeks-300000-to-save-dorothys-ruby-slippers.html|archive-date=December 26, 2016}}</ref>